“…), according to the Li + ion storage mechanisms. In several of examples described, general multiple conversion reactions for M x V y O z (M = Co, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni) are preliminarily confirmed . These multiple electrochemical reactions are usually partially irreversible in low voltage region (i.e., 0–3 V), accompanying inevitable volume expansion and pulverization upon cycling, which severely hinder the practical application of these M x V y O z (M = Co, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni) anode materials.…”