Investigation of Isothermal and Cyclic Oxidation of Plasma-Nitrided Hot-Work Tool Steel at Elevated Temperatures

Abstract

The oxidation of a plasma-nitrided, hot-work tool steel at temperatures that cover a range of operations from post-plasma-nitriding oxidation to steel thixoforging processing was investigated. Thermal exposure at 500°C led to the formation of a thin Fe-Cr spinel layer and an even thinner outermost layer of hematite. The former is the only oxide that grew on samples exposed to oxygen-lean conditions at 750°C. A thick, multi-layered oxide scale formed on the surface when the plasma nitrided hot-work tool steel was held at 750°C under atmospheric conditions. In this scale, the outermost hematite layer and the inner Fe-Cr spinel were separated by a magnetite layer. The oxide scale produced during thermal cycling at 750°C was also multi-layered with an identical oxide scale configuration to that formed during isothermal exposure at 750°C. The hematite layer, which retained its integrity during isothermal exposure at 750°C, suffered small cracks that were instrumental in its fracture and spallation during thermal cycling. The distinct feature resulting from cyclic oxidation, however, was the wide gap that formed along the magnetite-spinel interface. Thermal expansion mismatch produced compressive stresses which in turn led to buckling of the magnetite layer and to its detachment; while, the spinel layer adhered to the tool steel substrate and survived throughout thermal cycling. Enrichment of nitrogen and the subsequent precipitation of N 2 gas were also believed to have contributed to the gap formation. Formation of such a gap poses a serious threat to the integrity of the oxide scale and was shown to be responsible for the spallation of the magnetite layer upon thermal cycling.

AnT²COK, an analytical model for cyclic oxidation kinetics of hot-work tool steels in transient thermal cycling conditions

“…These multi-layer structure and composition, found up to 650°C, are consistent with observations reported in the literature for similar steel grades [29,31,33,36,37]. As confirmed by Fig.…”

“…By increasing the number of cycles, these through-oxide cracks can initiate some macro-cracks propagating into the steel [13][14][15][16][20][21][22][23][24]. Given the importance of oxidation in thermal fatigue, extensive research has been devoted to studying the oxidation behavior of metallic alloys under isothermal and cyclic conditions [16,19,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39].…”