Investigation of Intrathecal Synthesis of Immunoglobulin G in Primary Degenerative Dementia (Alzheimer's Disease)

Blennow, Kaj; Wallin, Anders; Fredman, Pam; Gottfries, Carl‐Gerhard; Karlsson, Ingvar; Svennerholm, Lars

doi:10.1159/000107171

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 10 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Recent findings in the aged rodent brain also support an aging-dependent increase of BBB permeability, which may show regional differences (Bake et al, 2009 ; Blau et al, 2012 ; Lee et al, 2012 ). However, other studies in humans have suggested that BBB alterations are very subtle throughout adult life, or could even be related to subclinical disease (see, for example, Blennow et al, 1991 ; Garton et al, 1991 ; Skoog et al, 1998 ) and thus spare the non-diseased brain.…”

Section: T Cells In the Healthy Aged Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

T Cell Recruitment in the Brain during Normal Aging

Gemechu¹,

Bentivoglio²

2012

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Aging-related changes in the peripheral immune response are well documented, but less is known about changes of the immune response in the central nervous system. Reactivity of microglia, effectors of the brain innate immunity, is known to increase in the aged brain, but little attention has been hitherto devoted to T cell recruitment. Data in rodents point to a gradual enhancement of T cell homing to the brain in the steady state since the middle age. Experimental findings also point to enhanced transmigration of lymphocytes as part of an amplified response of the aging brain to acute exogenous inflammatory insults. Thus, available data support the capacity of the aged brain to mount a robust immune response, in contrast with peripheral immunity decline, and indicate that such central response involves recruitment of lymphocytes. These findings open many questions, including blood-brain barrier molecular regulation and infiltrated T cell subtypes during normal aging. The crosstalk between T cells, glia, and neurons also remains to be clarified in the aged brain parenchyma. This intercellular dialogue and related signaling could be relevant for both protection of the aged brain and its vulnerability to neurological disease.

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Section: T Cells In the Healthy Aged Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

T Cell Recruitment in the Brain during Normal Aging

Gemechu¹,

Bentivoglio²

2012

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Intrathecal IgG Synthesis in Patients with Alterations in the Neurochemical Dementia Diagnostics

Zimmermann

Beck

Knispel

et al. 2010

JAD

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Neurochemical Dementia Diagnostics (NDD), i.e., analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of amyloid-beta peptides and tau/phospho-tau proteins plays important role in the diagnosis of neurodegeneration and dementias. Several studies show alterations of these biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, only a few reports address alterations of other CSF biomarkers (albumin and immunoglobulins' quotients, cell count, lactate concentration, etc.) in the pathophysiology and diagnostic procedures of dementias. Therefore, we analyzed these biomarkers in patients diagnosed for dementia syndromes and carefully characterized with the state-of-the-art NDD analysis: Abeta1-42, Abetax-42, Abetax-42/x-40 ratio, tau, and ptau181. We found intrathecal IgG synthesis in 5 out of 112 patients showing alterations of the NDD biomarkers, and in four out of these five subjects, we could not find any satisfying reason for the intrathecal humoral response. In 25.9% of the patients with altered NDD biomarkers, we found an increased albumin quotient indicating a dysfunction of the blood-CSF barrier; however a similar figure of 25.2% was found in the group of patients without alterations in the NDD. Our findings suggest that at least some patients with increased CSF concentrations of tau/ptau proteins and decreased concentrations of Abeta{42} peptides show simultaneously CSF alterations found otherwise in neuroinflammatory processes. This, in turn, suggests that extended diagnosis should be performed in patients with "isolated" alterations of NDD biomarkers or intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis.

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Investigation of Intrathecal Synthesis of Immunoglobulin G in Primary Degenerative Dementia (Alzheimer's Disease)

Cited by 2 publications

References 10 publications

T Cell Recruitment in the Brain during Normal Aging

T Cell Recruitment in the Brain during Normal Aging

Intrathecal IgG Synthesis in Patients with Alterations in the Neurochemical Dementia Diagnostics

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