“…The void content calculated within the composite specimens was approximately 22%. 36 Figure 3.3D printed specimens with grid and triangular infill pattern mass as a function of infill percentage for (a) tensile and (b) flexural.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…16 Several essential printing parameters can control the quality of parts by changing their parameters in FDM, such as layer thickness, printing orientation, raster angle, air gap, bead width, model build temperature, and infill. 2,29,34,36 Since the pure thermoplastic parts built by FDM process usually have lack of strength, they cannot be used as load-bearing and functional applications. However, there is a way need to improve the strength and to overcome the limitations of FDM-fabricated pure thermoplastic parts.…”
Section: Additive Manufacturingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…16 Several essential printing parameters can control the quality of parts by changing their parameters in FDM, such as layer thickness, printing orientation, raster angle, air gap, bead width, model build temperature, and infill. 2,29,34,36…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The unit cells of both the infill patterns and density levels and the distribution of orientation of the lines were designed and selected by the Simplify 3D. The void content calculated within the composite specimens was approximately 22% 36.…”
Additive manufacturing is a development of fabricating 3D parts layer by layer with complex geometries and utilized in numerous engineering structural applications. Fused deposition modeling technology provides higher design flexibility with aim of low cost and simplicity of material conversion to generate the composite parts. Previous studies have mainly focused on the manufacturing and characterization of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CCFRPCs) structure for fully dense and solid part structures and no study has been reported for porous CCFRPC parts. In this study, CCFRPCs porous structures were manufactured using FDM technology. The porous structures were fabricated with one perimeter shell by using two different types of infill patterns (grid and triangular) at three different infill densities levels (20%, 40%, and 60%). The reasons for developing such lightweight porous composite structures with continuous carbon fiber are the reduction of mass, efficient material utilization, energy consumption, and less waste generation. This study investigated the effects on tensile and flexural properties of composite specimens under uniaxial tensile loading and flexural loading, respectively. Fracture interface of the printed porous composites were examined and explored using optical microscope after performing mechanical tests. The experimental results demonstrated that infill pattern and density levels greatly affect the mechanical properties. The specimen printed using grid infill pattern with 60% infill density exhibited highest strength level in term of mechanical test and showed maximum tensile and flexural strength of 162.9 MPa and 127.24 MPa, respectively. While triangular infill pattern with 60% infill density level revealed the maximum tensile and flexural strength of 152.62 MPa and 117.53 MPa, respectively. Hence, from the results achieved in this study showed great potential and ability to replace fully dense and solid structure by the porous structure.
“…The void content calculated within the composite specimens was approximately 22%. 36 Figure 3.3D printed specimens with grid and triangular infill pattern mass as a function of infill percentage for (a) tensile and (b) flexural.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…16 Several essential printing parameters can control the quality of parts by changing their parameters in FDM, such as layer thickness, printing orientation, raster angle, air gap, bead width, model build temperature, and infill. 2,29,34,36 Since the pure thermoplastic parts built by FDM process usually have lack of strength, they cannot be used as load-bearing and functional applications. However, there is a way need to improve the strength and to overcome the limitations of FDM-fabricated pure thermoplastic parts.…”
Section: Additive Manufacturingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…16 Several essential printing parameters can control the quality of parts by changing their parameters in FDM, such as layer thickness, printing orientation, raster angle, air gap, bead width, model build temperature, and infill. 2,29,34,36…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The unit cells of both the infill patterns and density levels and the distribution of orientation of the lines were designed and selected by the Simplify 3D. The void content calculated within the composite specimens was approximately 22% 36.…”
Additive manufacturing is a development of fabricating 3D parts layer by layer with complex geometries and utilized in numerous engineering structural applications. Fused deposition modeling technology provides higher design flexibility with aim of low cost and simplicity of material conversion to generate the composite parts. Previous studies have mainly focused on the manufacturing and characterization of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CCFRPCs) structure for fully dense and solid part structures and no study has been reported for porous CCFRPC parts. In this study, CCFRPCs porous structures were manufactured using FDM technology. The porous structures were fabricated with one perimeter shell by using two different types of infill patterns (grid and triangular) at three different infill densities levels (20%, 40%, and 60%). The reasons for developing such lightweight porous composite structures with continuous carbon fiber are the reduction of mass, efficient material utilization, energy consumption, and less waste generation. This study investigated the effects on tensile and flexural properties of composite specimens under uniaxial tensile loading and flexural loading, respectively. Fracture interface of the printed porous composites were examined and explored using optical microscope after performing mechanical tests. The experimental results demonstrated that infill pattern and density levels greatly affect the mechanical properties. The specimen printed using grid infill pattern with 60% infill density exhibited highest strength level in term of mechanical test and showed maximum tensile and flexural strength of 162.9 MPa and 127.24 MPa, respectively. While triangular infill pattern with 60% infill density level revealed the maximum tensile and flexural strength of 152.62 MPa and 117.53 MPa, respectively. Hence, from the results achieved in this study showed great potential and ability to replace fully dense and solid structure by the porous structure.
“…For example, Rimasauskas et al [22] analyzed the dependency of tensile properties of carbon berreinforced polylactide acid (PLA) on layer height and line width by comparing the mechanical properties, voids percentage, and ber content. They concluded that manufacturing parameters greatly affect the features of the resulting microstructure, mainly the void content and the ber volume fraction, modifying mechanical performance.…”
Additive manufacturing of composite materials is a promising technology. It could solve one of the most critical drawbacks of 3D-printed ber-reinforced thermoplastics: their low out-of-plane mechanical properties. However, due to their novelty, the number of standards and research papers addressing the characterization of these materials is scarce, especially in the out-of-plane direction. Due to this factor, it is still unknown how most design and manufacturing parameters affect the out-of-plane properties of composite materials. As a solution, this paper proposes an experimental methodology to characterize out-of-plane printed composite materials. For this purpose, existing standards for traditionally fabricated composites are adapted, investigated, and validated for 3D-printed laminates reinforced with long bers using the fused lament fabrication technique. Consequently, the methodology is employed to study the impact of stacking sequence and heat treatment conditions on the composites' out-of-plane mechanical properties. The main results showed that increasing the thickness between stacking layers increases the mechanical response due to reducing the number of ber/matrix interfaces and, consequently, the reduction of porosity. Compared to the initial sample, a heat treatment at 175°C for 6 hours increased the interfacial strength by 101.09% and reduced the porosity in the ber produced by the additive manufacturing process by 72%.
The extrusion‐based 3D printing process offers advantages, such as high precision, low cost, high speed, simplicity, and the ability to deposit multiple materials simultaneously. However, using 3D printing composite materials with orthogonal anisotropy can limit the interlayer bonding strength of printed parts. In this study, the interlayer tensile strength of 3D‐printed polylactic acid (PLA) was affected by adding 0.5 wt% cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and 1.2 wt% di‐cumyl peroxide (DCP) to PLA, and annealing at low temperature (373 K, 1 h). The effects of annealing and CNC were determined by mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, expansion testing, rheological testing, and x‐ray diffraction analysis. After annealing, the interlayer gap increased due to crystal shrinkage, leading to a 25.9% decrease in tensile strength. However, the addition of CNC and DCP significantly improved the flow properties of the sample, resulting in better interlayer bonding and a 52.7% increase in tensile strength.
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