Investigation of Indoor LoRaWAN Signal Propagation for Real-World Applications

Comparative Analysis of an Urban LoRaWAN Deployment: Real World Versus Simulation

“…However, the practise has not been widely extended to LoRa and LoRaWAN yet, with existing literature either focusing on simulation or empirical deployments. The work in [10] reports the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) values obtained in a three-storey building in Hyderabad, India. A single node is placed in different sections of the building and information is gathered by a single stationary gateway.…”

Dense Indoor Sensor Networks: Towards passively sensing human presence with LoRaWAN

“…Despite the original application of LoRaWAN outdoors, researchers have investigated LoRaWAN indoors (see Table 1) using a minimal viable design (e.g., one gateway, one device, and one network server) and therefore could not measure performance with multiple sensors [45,[65][66][67][68][69]. In these studies, the device was moved to multiple locations within the building, mostly on the same floor [45,65,66,69,70]. In addition, many of these models were based on simulations and were never implemented with multiple sensors [71].…”

“…In addition, these studies have not found any discernible effect of placing the sensor nodes on different floors with the exception of the basement where the signal deteriorated quickly in all accounts [45,[65][66][67]70,[73][74][75][76][77]. Indeed, in reinforced concrete buildings the signal attenuates quickly covering 8 floors and approximately 100 m [67,69,75,78]. Together, these studies suggest that a higher SF is critical for traversing denser materials and that there are probably limitations how much a single gateway can cover.…”

“…Only a few studies have investigated distances longer Source: Image is taken and modified from [32] with permission. than 100 m [31,45,68,69,71,73,76], and it remains unknown whether interference within buildings reaches a threshold above which an additional gateway must be placed. Also, the studies mostly have not established the long-term quality of the signal due to the low number of transmissions measured but some studies relied on a larger data collection procedure [31,65].…”

“…Also, the studies mostly have not established the long-term quality of the signal due to the low number of transmissions measured but some studies relied on a larger data collection procedure [31,65]. To our knowledge, no study has determined the distance, wall, and floor limits of indoor transmissions that a single gateway can cover, but some investigations have looked into the effect of walls [69].…”