“…Okra polysaccharide, which consists of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucuronic acid, and galactosyl acid, also reduced pro-inflammatory markers, including mRNA expressions of TLR4, NF-κB p65 and IKKα, and protein expressions of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β in the chronic stress-induced mice hippocampus, and upregulated ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 (MAPK signaling) in Bv-2 microglia cells [ 42 ]. Furthermore, aqueous extract of okra seed, which mainly consists of catechin and quertin derivatives, reduced MDA, and increased antioxidant activities, and elevated neurotransmitter levels such as dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, serotonin, and epinephrine in the hippocampus of depressed mice [ 43 ]. Based on existing literature, insulin/PI3K/Akt/Tau/Bax [ 14 , 15 ], microglia-driven neuroinflammatory [ 57 ], and oxidative stress-neurogenesis [ 10 ] pathways in the hippocampus were associated with HFD-induced neuronal injury, which are coinciding with the neuroprotective property of okra against non-HFD-model-induced neuronal injury in the hippocampus.…”