Investigation of growth kinetics of Ni0·855Co0·145(OH)2 particles in continuous co-precipitation process

Postheating Effect of LiNi0.925Co0.05Mn0.025O2 in Argon Atmosphere on Lithium Residues and Related Battery Performance

“…The experimental method can be summarized as follows: The LiNi 0.925 Co 0.05 Mn 0.025 O 2 (LNCM) cathode active material was heat-treated under either O 2 or Ar flow at temperatures of either 300 or 500 °C for 10 h to examine the effect of postheating in these gases. Details for the preparation of the original LNCM can be found in our previous report . The surface and crystal properties were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).…”

“…Details for the preparation of the original LNCM can be found in our previous report. 19 The surface and crystal properties were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The amount of Li residues on the LNCM surface was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma−optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and an acid−base titration method.…”

Layered Cathode Materials: Precursors, Synthesis, Microstructure, Electrochemical Properties, and Battery Performance

“…This stage lasts from tens of hours to more than one hundred hours, and is mainly controlled by the dynamic equilibrium between coprecipitation and dissolution described by Equation (2). In a coprecipitation process, therefore, the growth of secondary particles is affected by the factors related to reactions in solution, including pH value, [17a,30] the concentration of ammonia, [10a] reaction time, [33] agitation velocity, [34] and the concentration of reactants. [35] In General, the formation of dense and uniform-sized secondary particles requires a slow enough coprecipitation and the occurrence of dissolution-recrystallization in the presence of ammonia, as described by Equations (1) and ( 2).…”

“…[30] As a result, the growth speed is gradually slowed down; instead, the secondary particles become more spherical, denser and smoother. In general, dense and spherical particles can be obtained after 10-20 h. [17a,20,36a] Kim et al [33] investigated the growth kinetics of Ni 0.855 Co 0.145 (OH) 2 particles in continuous coprecipitation process. They figured out the relationship of growth rate and feeding rate, which could be used to direct the reaction time in coprecipitations.…”

Insight into the Coprecipitation-Controlled Crystallization Reaction for Preparing Lithium-Layered Oxide Cathodes

“…Their reaction processes are as follows where Me is the transition metal (Ni, Co, and Mn). Based on these theories, the majority of researchers have examined many influencing factors, such as the concentration of reactants, − pH values, − reaction times, − reaction temperature, feeding rates, agitation velocity, and impeller types, which are important in the nucleation and growth of crystals and thus for the morphology of the final precursor . However, a useful rule has not been proposed to guide the controlled synthesis of materials under different conditions, which would waste a lot of manpower and material resources to try various synthetic conditions.…”