Investigation of grammatical class as an encoding category in short-term memory.

Wicken, Delos D.; Clark, Sandra E.; Hill, Frances A.; Wittlinger, Roy P.

doi:10.1037/h0026644

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It arises when memories formed prior to the formation of a target memory then interfere with subsequent retrieval of the target memory. A particularly interesting set of experiments carried out by Wickens and his colleagues (Goggin & Wickens, 1971;Wickens, 1970;Wickens, Clark, Hill, & Wittlinger, 1968) showed that a shift in the semantic category of words tested for short-term memory led to a substantial release from PI. Thus, subjects given four successive trials in which they had to remember sets of three words for 20 s while counting backwards from an arbitrary number showed substantial loss of memory over the four trials when the words came from the same semantic category, say fruits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Release from proactive interference in rat spatial working memory

et al. 2017

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A three-phase procedure was used to produce proactive interference (PI) in one trial on an eight-arm radial maze. Rats were forced to enter four arms for reward on an initial interference phase, to then enter the four remaining arms on a target phase, and to then choose among all eight arms on a retention test, with only the arms not visited in the target phase containing reward. Control trials involved only the target phase and the retention test. Lower accuracy was found on PI trials than on control trials, but performance on PI trials significantly exceeded chance, showing some retention of target memories. Changes in temporal and reward variables between the interference, target, and retention test phases showed release from PI, but changes in context and pattern of arm entry did not. It is suggested that the release from PI paradigm can be used to understand spatial memory encoding in rats and other species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Release from proactive interference in rat spatial working memory

et al. 2017

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“…Most have been categorical, e.g., words to numbers (Reutener, 1972), taxonomic categories (Goggin & Wickens, 1971), verbs to adjectives (Wickens, Clark, Hill, & Wittlinger, 1968). Osgood semantic differential dimensions (Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957) were found effective in producing PI release (Wickens & Clark, 1968). The opposite ends of these dimensions were used as categories, although they really constitute continuous variables.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Improved recall (PI release) on the shift trial implied that the classes were used as STM encoding categories, on the assumption that improvement in recall was due to differential encoding. (Wickens & Clark, 1968). The opposite ends of these dimensions were used as categories, although they really constitute continuous variables.…”

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confidence: 99%

Semantic space and encoding space in short-term memory

Weeks

1976

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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Wickens' release from proactive inhibition (PI) technique has been used to identify a number of encoding categories in short-term memory. When repeated presentation of words in one class followed by a shift to words in another class leads to improved recall (PI release), the classes are considered encoding categories. The Osgood semantic dimensions have been effective in producing PI release. These dimensions constitute a continuous semantic space, suggesting a corresponding encoding space with measures of PI release corresponding to distances. Using the Wickens technique, PI release scores were obtained in several regions of semantic space. Subjects were 40 undergraduates. The relation between distances in semantic space and release scores was highly linear, and the encoding space was approximately euclidean. Results suggest that the encoding process can use information from continuous variables in a quantitatively precise way.The release from proactive inhibition (PI) technique developed by Wickens (1970) has been used extensively to identify encoding categories in short-term memory (STM) (Wickens, 1970(Wickens, , 1972(Wickens, ,1973. Using the BrownPeterson paradigm, three trials with words in one class were followed by a fourth trial with words in a different class. Improved recall (PI release) on the shift trial implied that the classes were used as STM encoding categories, on the assumption that improvement in recall was due to differential encoding. (Wickens & Clark, 1968). The opposite ends of these dimensions were used as categories, although they really constitute continuous variables.Connotative meaning may be represented as a continuous semantic space, and it is used in STM encoding. Thus, it may be more appropriate in this instance to speak of an encoding space, rather than encoding categories. To be a useful conceptualization, encoding space should exhibit certain regularities. Release measures should closely correspond to shift distances in semantic This research was supported in part by a grant from the DAC, California State University, Fullerton. Portions of this research were presented at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association. Los Angeles, 1976. The author wishes to thank Richard H. Lindley for assistance in all phases of this research, and Thomas D. Wickens, who sponsors this paper and takes full editorial responsibility for its content, for helpful comments on the manuscript. Reprint requests should be sent to David G. Weeks, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard, Los Angeles, California 90024. space. They should be at least monotonic, and ideally would be linearly related. The direction of shift should not make any difference. The position in the space (e.g., 1 to 2, 2 to 3) also should not affect release scores. The effect of a multidimensional shift should be predictable from the effects of the component unidimensional shifts. It should at least satisfy Equation 1:i where x is a distance derived from the release score, Xa is the deri...

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“…Evaluation (SD_E) High: church god beauty pleasant hand home love fine music religious friend peace marry friendly rest Low: war fire disease bad enemy kill terrible hate debt failure battle argue fight death danger Activity (SD_A) High: fire sailor great attack war win party love bird arms star laugh kiss arm warn Low: dead silent sleep lie rock egg still stone silence window quiet rest die late iron Potency (SD_P) High: steel iron rock metal stone hard building law strong tree oil mountain power science duty Low: love kiss baby wife girl beautiful sister mother woman heart young music sorrow daughter child Wickens and Engle (1970) Imagery (Im) Low: surtax functionary criterion inanity impropriety concept interim gist instance kine banality abasement unreality debacle soul allegory context disclosure encephalon idea fact tendency foible hankering equity exactitude discretion aberration origin figment High: coffee sea hammer frog library garden ocean mountain yacht leopard ankle tree orchestra breast bouquet brassiere horse cat strawberry kiss cigar lemon fireplace sunset elephant alligator car automobile girl snake Wickens, Clark, Hill, and Wittlinger (1968) Verbs versus adjectives (VA) Verbs: accept add admire admit advise afford agree alert allow amuse announce annoy answer appear applaud appreciate approve argue arrange arrest arrive ask attach attack attempt attend attract avoid back bake balance ban bang bare bat bathe battle beam beg behave belong bleach bless blind blink blot blush boast boil bolt bomb book bore borrow bounce bow box brake branch breathe bruise brush bubble bump burn bury buzz calculate call camp care carry carve challenge change charge chase cheat check cheer chew choke chop claim clap clean clear clip close coach coil collect comb command communicate compare compete complain complete concentrate concern confess confuse connect consider consist contain continue copy correct cough count cover crack crash crawl cross crush cry cure curl curve cycle dam damage dance dare decay deceive decide decorate delay delight deliver depend describe desert deserve destroy detect develop disagree disappear disapprove disarm discover dislike divide double doubt drag drain dream dress drip drop drown drum dry dust earn educate embarrass employ empty encourage end enjoy enter entertain escape examine excite excuse exercise exist expand expect explain explode extend face fade fail fancy fasten fear fence fetch file fill film fire fit fix flap flash float flood flow flower fold follow fool force form found frame frighten fry gather gaze glow glue grab grate grease greet grin grip groan guarantee guard guess guide hammer hand handle hang happen harass harm hate haunt head heal heap heat help hook hop hope hover hug hum hunt hurry identify ignore imagine impress improve include increase influence inform inject injure instruct intend interest interfere interrupt introduce invent invite irritate itch jail jam jog join joke judge juggle jump kick kill kiss kneel knit knock knot label land last laugh launch learn level license lick lie lighten like list listen live load lock long look love man manage march mark marry match mate matter measure meddle melt mend mess up milk mine miss mix moan moor mourn move muddle mug multiply murder nail name need nest nod note notice number obey object observe obtain occur offend offer open order overflow owe own pack paddle paint park part pass paste pat pause peck Adjectives: adorable beautiful clean drab elegant fancy glamorous handsome long magnificent plain quaint sparkling unsightly red orange yellow green blue purple gray black white alive better careful clever dead easy famous gifted helpful important inexpensive mushy odd powerful rich shy tender uninterested vast wrong angry bewildered clumsy defeated embarrassed fierce grumpy helpless itchy jealous lazy mysterious nervous obnoxious panicky repulsive scary thoughtless uptight wo...…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Release from PI: An analysis and a model

2017

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Recall decreases across a series of subspan immediate-recall trials but rebounds if the semantic category of the words is changed, an example of release from proactive interference (RPI). The size of the rebound depends on the semantic categories used and ranges from 0% to 95%. We used a corpus of novels to create vectors representing the meaning of about 40,000 words using the BEAGLE algorithm. The distance between categories and spread within categories jointly predicted the size of the RPI. We used a holographic model for recall equipped with a lexicon of BEAGLE vectors representing the meaning of words. The model captured RPI using a hologram as an interface to bridge information from episodic and semantic memory; it is the first account of RPI to capture release at the level of individual words in categorized lists.

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Investigation of grammatical class as an encoding category in short-term memory.

Cited by 18 publications

References 16 publications

Release from proactive interference in rat spatial working memory

Release from proactive interference in rat spatial working memory

Semantic space and encoding space in short-term memory

Release from PI: An analysis and a model

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