Investigation of frequency and typing of human papillomavirus among genital warts using a reverse dot blot hybridization approach

Abstract

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide, affecting about 80% of women up to the age of 50. The persistent infection of high risk-HPV types (HR-HPV) is the leading cause of cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer of women. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the frequency and typing of HPV in the genital lesions in the Iranian population. Methods This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on a population in the South-Khorasan province of Iran. All of the participants were sexually active and were checked for evident cervical warts. Biopsy samples were collected from various lesions, and all samples were tested for detection and genotyping of HPV using a reverse dot blot hybridization method (HPV direct flow CHIP). Results In overall, 370 samples were evaluated; 10 cases (2.7%) were male and the rest were female. The mean age of patients was 33.3 ± 8.5 years, of which 48.1% were in the age range from 25 to 36 years. Among the samples, 345 (93.2%) were positive for HPV-DNA; the low risk HPV types (LR-HPV) and HR-HPV were identified among 80.9% and 15.5% of tissue samples, respectively. Among the LR-HPV, HPV-6, 11, 42 and 54 were the most common genotypes, and HPV-16 and 39 were prevalent HR-HPV types detected. The number of pregnancies, marriage age, and partner infection were not significantly related to the HPV types. Types 42 had a declining pattern toward aging, and HPV-11 was increasing toward aging. Conclusion The number of samples with HR-HPV was rather high. Due to the greater frequency of infection in the age range of 25–35 years, it is advised that all individuals referred to gynecological clinics at gestational age be tested for HPV types.

Perception on cervical cancer and enhancing strategies to screening uptake among women in Bamenda, Cameroon: A qualitative method

“…The major cause of cervical cancer is Human papillomavirus (HPV) (Okunade, 2020). There are more than 100 types of HPV, of which at least 13 are cancer-causing (also known as high risk types) (Zare-Bidaki et al, 2022). Studies show that two HPV types (16 and 18) cause 70% of cervical cancers and precancerous cervical lesions (WHO, 2014;Senkomago et al, 2019).…”

Sensor detection in gynaecological medicine

“…To predict prognosis, HPV genotyping identifies strain type, as high-risk HPV (hrHPV) are carcinogenic while low-risk HPV (lrHPV) cause genital warts and rarely cancer. Techniques for HPV typing can involve in situ hybridization, Southern blotting, and/or polymerase chain reaction [29,40]. These methods are labour-intensive as they require highly trained technicians [29].…”

“…While cervical cancer mortality rates have decreased in developed countries because of screening and HPV vaccination, developing countries are experiencing an increase in cervical cancer as screening and vaccination are limited or lacking [40,41]. For global cervical cancer disease prevention, a cost-effective and point-of-care biosensor can allow cervical cancer screening to become globally accessible.…”

“…Critical review increase in cervical cancer as screening and vaccination are limited or lacking. 40,41 For global cervical cancer disease prevention, a cost-effective and point-of-care biosensor can allow cervical cancer screening to become globally accessible.…”

“…Techniques for HPV typing can involve in situ hybridization, Southern blotting, and/or polymerase chain reaction. 29,40 These methods are labour-intensive as they require highly trained technicians. 29 To improve HPV detection, developing molecular HPV test kits is an ongoing area of research, where over 250 different kits are commercially available.…”