Investigation of eye tracking, electrodermal activity and facial expressions as biometric signatures of food reward and intake in normal weight adults

Change Is the only constant

“…This suggestion is in line with results from previous studies (e.g., Fang et al, 2019;Nummenmaa, Hietanen, Calvo, & Hyönä , 2011) and the results in this dissertation (Chapters 3, 5, and 6). Although the findings in this dissertation cast doubt on the idea that attention to food plays a crucial role in overweight and obesity, previous studies found that participants' total fixation duration was positively related to the amount of food eaten (Pedersen et al, 2021) and children with a longer gaze duration on food cues ate more snacks (Folkvord, Anschütz, Wiers, & Buijzen, 2015). So, AB for food may not be a characteristic of obesity or dietary restraint, but instead may reflect current motivational state, as it is related to consumption.…”

Food Reward after a Traditional Inuit or a Westernised Diet in an Inuit Population in Greenland

“…Cultural differences in hedonic responses to sweet and creamy solutions have been found in populations such as Pima Indians and Whites [ 30 ], which add to the interest in examining food reward in an Inuit population, who traditionally had a monotonous diet but now have an increasing availability of a variety of foods [ 31 ]. When comparing across food categories, our findings indicate that the Inuit population displays similar trends in food reward to a Danish adult population with normal weight [ 18 ]. Within categories, however, this Inuit population had a numerically lower liking and wanting for high-fat sweet and low-fat sweet foods compared to the Danish population.…”

“…Food items included in the LFPQ differed in the content of fat (high or low) and taste (sweet or savoury), creating four combined food categories: high-fat savoury foods, low-fat savoury foods, high-fat sweet foods, and low-fat sweet foods. The foods were displayed on a computer screen as images that were validated in a Danish context [ 18 ]. All foods were considered appropriate for breakfast/brunch and assumed to be well-recognised and overall liked in a Greenlandic setting where most of the imported foods are shipped from Denmark, although some of the items are rarely available in Greenland.…”

Neuroorganoleptics: Organoleptic Testing Based on Psychophysiological Sensing

“…The main one is that, by only being able to target the high processing level and obtaining conscious responses, they are not depicting the low and intermediate processing levels, potentially leaving out relevant unconscious processes present in these [ 9 ]. Moreover, self-report questionnaires, by targeting the high processing level, are also subjected to the inherent difficulty of subjects having to reconstruct and interpret their thoughts and motivations, and/or to verbally express and assess them [ 10 , 11 ]. This, combined with the fact that the expression and assessment of emotions (e.g., liking, pleasure, etc.)…”

“…varies across cultures and languages [ 5 , 11 ], can make the results of self-assessment questionnaires only representative by enrolling a sufficiently high number of subjects. Finally, the last constraint of self-assessment questionnaires is that they only obtain declared opinions, not revealing responses that the consumers may not wish to disclose (e.g., because they are socially undesirable) [ 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”