Investigation of dermal exposure to heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Al, Fe and Pb) in traditional batik industry workers

Abstract

Batik is an Indonesian cultural heritage that has been designated by UNESCO. Batik industry is one of the industries that applies the synthetic dyes, beside natural ones which have long been used in producing Batik particularly in the modern production. The purpose of this research investigated heavy metals on workers in batik industry, which focuses on dermal detection as portal of entry. Samples of dermal intake of workers were examined with cross-sectional approach, while non-worker samples of resident living surrounding the industry were used as control. Dermal intake on workers and non-workers were examined using Patch Filter. Heavy metals content of the synthetic dyes used in the batik production and those in the patch filter which was attached to worker's skin during sampling period were analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) method. The XRF measurement result of the synthetic dyes shows a detection of several heavy metals including Cu and Zn as the highest detected concentration, while the XRF measurement of the patch filter detects several heavy metal contents, which include Cu, Zn, Ni, Al, Fe and Pb. The highest detected heavy metal concentration found in the patch filter were Cu, Zn and Ni. Meanwhile, the highest detected heavy metal concentration of Pb was found in workers in the stamping process. The result indicates that highest Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe were found in workers of dyeing process compared to those in other processing stages.

Microfiber Emissions from Functionalized Textiles: Potential Threat for Human Health and Environmental Risks

“…Additionally, chrome or mordant dyes and metal complex dyes are utilized to achieve bright and dark colors. Most dyes contain heavy metals, including lead (Pb), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and zinc (Zn) ( Table 2 ) [ 55 , 56 , 57 ]. Generally, heavy metals with a density of greater than 5 mg/cm 3 are considered to have a high density.…”

Occupational lead exposure health risk assessment and heme biosynthesis: A study on batik artisans in yogyakarta, Indonesia

“…Synthetic colorants used in the batik coloring process contain some heavy metals. In previous study, we found that the dominant synthetic dyes used in the batik production in the study area were remazol, naphthol, and indigosol, and the heavy metals detected were Cu, Zn, Ni, Al, Fe, and Pb [ 1 ].…”

“…Several studies have explored the presence of heavy metals in the batik industry, focusing on wastewater [ 2 , 3 ], dyestuffs [ 1 ], and impact on water bodies and biota [ 4 , 5 ]. Previously, a research have confirmed the dermal exposure of lead among batik industry workers [ 1 ].…”

“…Several studies have explored the presence of heavy metals in the batik industry, focusing on wastewater [ 2 , 3 ], dyestuffs [ 1 ], and impact on water bodies and biota [ 4 , 5 ]. Previously, a research have confirmed the dermal exposure of lead among batik industry workers [ 1 ]. However, a notable gap in the literature remains regarding the assessment of health risks specifically associated with lead exposure in this occupational setting.…”

Determination of some heavy metals and their health risk in T-shirts printed for a special program

“…The textile can be made of natural or synthetic fibers and the whole production process involves extensive use of chemicals. The main chemical pollutants present in textiles are dyes containing carcinogenic amines, metals, pentachlorophenol, chlorine bleaching, halogen carriers, free formaldehyde, biocides, fire retardants, and softeners [ 4 , 5 ].…”