“…The fatigue crack initiation within VHCF regimes is generally divided in two types [3][4][5]: (i) the cracks initiate from surface of the specimens due to the defects, pores, heterogeneities and other potential stress concentration region at surface [3]; (ii) the cracks initiate from the subsurface or interior of specimens , which is characterized by so-called "fish-eye" surrounding a "fine granular area (FGA)" [1] in the vicinity of an inclusion (also called optically dark area, ODA [6] and bright granular facet, GBF [2]). In general, the inclusions in steels have a significant influence on the fatigue crack initiation and fatigue life [7][8][9][10].…”