Investigation of Clean Ferroelectric Surface in Ultra High Vacuum (UHV): Surface Conduction and Scanning Probe Microscopy in UHV

Absence of Correlation Between Atomic Lattice Steps and 180° Domain Boundaries in BaTiO3Single Crystals

“…1(b), shows that the transition width of the 180 • domain is less than 100nm and the potential difference of the 180 • domain is 100 mV. As a result of our experiment, the transition width confirms the validity of the standard 180 • domain theory [5][6][7][8], but disagrees with the closure domain model [4].…”

“…As a result, our experimental result of the potential difference of 180 • domain cannot be explained only by extraneous origins like contamination, oxygen deficiency etc. We conclude that other intrinsic compensation, for example, by a surface carrier layer, should exist and the ferroelectrics is intrinsically stable [7,12].…”

Impedance Analysis of Dielectric Nanoparticles Enabled via a Self‐Assembled Monolayer

“…The origin of the particle surface conductivity has been attributed to ferroelectric structures or ionic surface charge migration in aqueous environments . As the ceramic powder bulk is electrically insulating and not metallic, the conductivity can be due to electronic conduction when spontaneous polarization is present, which is commonly observed for hydrothermal nanoparticles. Polarity of the protic solvent leaves the possibility that the conductivity is ionic in nature .…”

“…Surface conductivity of ceramic nanoparticles per volume or mass is higher in comparison with the analogous microparticles. Ferroelectric metal oxides have been observed to have much greater surface conductivity than bulk conductivity compared with other ceramic nanoparticles depending on the size, composition, and type of material, for example, the titanium oxides . Although the specific origin of the surface conductivity is not understood, dielectric properties are influenced by surface conductivity and surface energy effects.…”

Appropriate Value of Permittivity for Depolarization Field and Universal Instability of Insulating Ferroelectric Phase in Single-Domain State

“…This instability is apparently resolved by inappropriate use of large permittivity as in Eq. (1), which would mean the necessity of intrinsic electrostatic screening due to free charges [13][14][15].…”