Investigation of bone changes in microgravity during long and short duration space flight: comparison of techniques

McCarthy, Ian; Goodship, AE; Herzog, R.; Оганов, В. С.; Stüssi, Edgar; Vahlensieck, Martin

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00719.x

Cited by 40 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Descriptions of bone density changes associated with microgravity have come from measurements on space stations, 9,13 and models to simulate microgravity: prolonged bed-rest with head down tilt, 10 and animal experiments involving tail suspension. 14 Both these models simulate the fluid shifts observed in microgravity as well as unloading of parts of the skeleton.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…3 However, there is evidence from both space flight, and ground-based simulations of microgravity that bone is not lost uniformly from the skeleton. 13 Measurements of dualenergy X-ray absorption (DXA) from long-term space flight and bed-rest studies indicates a gradation of bone density changes that correlate with the redistribution of pressure changes. Similar distributions of bone changes have also been observed in some studies of tail-suspended rats.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Fluid Shifts Due to Microgravity and Their Effects on Bone: A Review of Current Knowledge

McCarthy

2005

Ann Biomed Eng

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Bone loss during long-term space flight is potentially a significant problem. Bone mineral density measurements show that bone is lost at a rate of about 1% per month from the lumbar spine, and 1.5% per month from the hip. Bone density changes are not uniform throughout the skeleton, and there is accumulating evidence that the distribution of bone density changes may be related to fluid shifts observed in microgravity. The paper summarises the data relating fluid shift of bone density changes in microgravity. In addition, microgravity and ground-based experiment were carried out to investigate the effects of interstitial fluid flow on bone formation. Data from these experiments were interpreted in light of the review data relating fluid shift to bone density changes in microgravity. Both experiments assessed the effect of an external pneumatic venous tourniquet on bone distal to the tourniquet. In the first experiment, a pneumatic tourniquet was designed to be placed around one ankle of a single astronaut on a 180-day mission on the MIR space station. Ultrasound measurements of both calcanei were made during the mission, and dual energy x-ray densitometry (x-ray absorption) measurements were performed at the start and end of the mission. In the second experiment, ground-based experiments have been performed to investigate possible mechanisms for the action of such a tourniquet on bone. A venous tourniquet was designed to be placed around the hind limb of a rat, proximal to the knee, applying a continuous pressure of 30 mmHg. The tourniquet increased significantly tibial fluid weight, periosteal bone formation and intracortical bone remodelling. Some of the effects appeared to due to a nitric oxide dependant pathway. It is proposed that tissue fluid pressures have an effect on bone that is independent of mechanical load, which may explain the variation in bone mineral density observed in space flight.

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Fluid Shifts Due to Microgravity and Their Effects on Bone: A Review of Current Knowledge

McCarthy

2005

Ann Biomed Eng

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“…Although advancements in space science have made prolonged space flights possible, microgravity-induced bone loss has placed limits on extended space flights. [52][53][54] Presently, there is no approved drug to prevent or treat microgravity-induced bone loss. NASA ranked microgravity-induced osteoporosis and its complications as the foremost disease risk among astronauts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Analysis of Trabecular Bone-Rich Regions in Mice: Improved Precision, Accuracy, and Sensitivity for Assessing Longitudinal Bone Changes

Shi

Lee

Uyeda

et al. 2016

Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods

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Trabecular bone is frequently studied in osteoporosis research because changes in trabecular bone are the most common cause of osteoporotic fractures. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis specific to trabecular bone-rich regions is crucial to longitudinal osteoporosis research. The purpose of this study is to define a novel method for accurately analyzing trabecular bone-rich regions in mice via DXA. This method will be utilized to analyze scans obtained from the International Space Station in an upcoming study of microgravity-induced bone loss. Thirty 12-week-old BALB/c mice were studied. The novel method was developed by preanalyzing trabecular bone-rich sites in the distal femur, proximal tibia, and lumbar vertebrae via high-resolution X-ray imaging followed by DXA and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analyses. The key DXA steps described by the novel method were (1) proper mouse positioning, (2) region of interest (ROI) sizing, and (3) ROI positioning. The precision of the new method was assessed by reliability tests and a 14-week longitudinal study. The bone mineral content (BMC) data from DXA was then compared to the BMC data from micro-CT to assess accuracy. Bone mineral density (BMD) intra-class correlation coefficients of the new method ranging from 0.743 to 0.945 and Levene's test showing that there was significantly lower variances of data generated by new method both verified its consistency. By new method, a Bland-Altman plot displayed good agreement between DXA BMC and micro-CT BMC for all sites and they were strongly correlated at the distal femur and proximal tibia (r = 0.846, p < 0.01; r = 0.879, p < 0.01, respectively). The results suggest that the novel method for site-specific analysis of trabecular bone-rich regions in mice via DXA yields more precise, accurate, and repeatable BMD measurements than the conventional method.

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“…Exposure to microgravity results in severe abnormalities in various organ systems such as a loss of bone mass, cardiovascular fitness and changes in lung functions [4,5,6,7]. In particular, the lung is such a vulnerable organ that has great influences on spaceflight [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Long-Term Simulated Microgravity on Oxidant and Antioxidant Values in the Plasma and Lung Tissues of Rhesus Macaque

Chen¹,

Xu²,

Wang³

et al. 2017

dteees

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Abstract. This study evaluated the influence of long-term simulated microgravity on oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity in the plasma and lung tissues of rhesus macaque (-10°C head-down tilting). Fifteen healthy male rhesus macaques were randomly divided into groups 1 (control, n=5), groups 2 (head-down tilting for 6 weeks, n=5) and groups 3 (head-down tilting for 6 weeks and recover from 4 weeks, n=5). Oxidative stress was evaluated by critical SOD, GSH, H 2 O 2 in plasma and SOD, GSH in lung tissues. HE staining was used to observe the histopathological structure changes of pulmonary tissues. CAT, SOD1, SOD2, SOD3, GPX1, GPX4, GPX7, PRDX1, HMOX1, ALOX5 and DUOX1 mRNA were measured by real-time PCR. GSH concentration was significantly decreased, whereas H 2 O 2 level was significantly increased in group 2 compared with group 1 and group 3. Compared to group 1, histopathological examination revealed alveolar septal thickening, and alveolar and interstitial lymphocytic infiltration in group 2 and group 3 and the pathological changes in group 3 were smaller than those in group 2. Group 2 and group 3 showed significant up-regulation of SOD3 gene compared with group 1 by real-time PCR. In a long-term simulated microgravity environment, systemic antioxidant level of GSH was reduced but an oxidative stress marker of H 2 O 2 was increased. Meanwhile, long-term simulated microgravity caused lung injury and induced the mRNA of SOD3 expression in lung tissues. But oxidant stress is not a major factor involved in the development of lung damage under simulated microgravity. Further study still clarifies the mechanism about the lung injury under microgravity.

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Investigation of bone changes in microgravity during long and short duration space flight: comparison of techniques

Abstract: Although in-flight measurements of bone using ultrasound or phase velocity may provide information on the kinetics of bone loss in space flight, the heterogeneity of response in the skeleton means that it is difficult to predict overall bone loss from measurements at one particular site.

Cited by 40 publications

References 15 publications

Fluid Shifts Due to Microgravity and Their Effects on Bone: A Review of Current Knowledge

Fluid Shifts Due to Microgravity and Their Effects on Bone: A Review of Current Knowledge

Guidelines for Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Analysis of Trabecular Bone-Rich Regions in Mice: Improved Precision, Accuracy, and Sensitivity for Assessing Longitudinal Bone Changes

Effects of Long-Term Simulated Microgravity on Oxidant and Antioxidant Values in the Plasma and Lung Tissues of Rhesus Macaque

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