Investigation of body and udder skin surface temperature differentials as an early indicator of mastitis in Holstein Friesian crossbred cows using digital infrared thermography technique

Sathiyabarathi, M.; Jeyakumar, Sakthivel; Manimaran, A.; Pushpadass, Heartwin A.; Sivaram, M.; Ramesha, K. P.; Das, Debanand; Kataktalware, M. A.; Jayaprakash, G.; Patbandha, T.K.

doi:10.14202/vetworld.2016.1386-1391

Cited by 41 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…After brushing or wiping, the udder quarter is allowed resting for 10-15 min before images are taken. Images are taken in the standing position at a distance of 0.6-1 m [46,47]. Images of the front quarters are taken from the lateral side of the animal, and the hind quarters were taken from the lateral or posterior side.…”

Section: Factors Influencing the Irt Imaging Of Uddermentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared thermography: A potential noninvasive tool to monitor udder health status in dairy cows

Sathiyabarathi¹,

Jeyakumar²,

Manimaran³

et al. 2016

Vet World

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The animal husbandry and livestock sectors play a major role in the rural economy, especially for the small and marginal farmers. India has the largest livestock population in the world and ranks first in the milk production. Mastitis is the most common and expensive infectious disease in dairy cattle. The global economic losses per year due to mastitis amounts to USD 35 billion and for Indian dairy industry ₹6000 crores per year. Early detection of mastitis is very important to reduce the economic loss to the dairy farmers and dairy industry. Automated methods for early and reliable detection of mastitis are currently in focus under precision dairying. Skin surface temperature is an important indicator for the diagnosis of cow’s illnesses and for the estimation of their physiological status. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a simple, effective, on-site, and noninvasive method that detects surface heat, which is emitted as infrared radiation and generates pictorial images without causing radiation exposure. In human and bovine medicine, IRT is used as a diagnostic tool for assessment of normal and physiological status.

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Section: Factors Influencing the Irt Imaging Of Uddermentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared thermography: A potential noninvasive tool to monitor udder health status in dairy cows

Sathiyabarathi¹,

Jeyakumar²,

Manimaran³

et al. 2016

Vet World

Self Cite

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“…The most common methods include thermal (heat, cold) and mechanical (tactile, pressure) stimulation in order to elicit a painful or nonpainful response ( Fillingim et al, 2016 ). In addition, skin temperature evaluation can help determine tissue metabolism and blood circulation; therefore, changes could reflect circulatory or inflammatory conditions associated to chronic pain ( Sathiyabarathi et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical/thermal sensitivity and superficial temperature in the stump of long-term tail-docked dairy cows

Troncoso

Herzberg

Meneses

et al. 2018

PeerJ

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BackgroundTail docking of dairy cows is a painful procedure that affects animal welfare level. The aims of this study were first to evaluate the response to mechanical and thermal stimulation, and second to determine the superficial temperature of the stump of tail-docked dairy cows.MethodsOne hundred and sixty-four dairy cows were enrolled. From these, 133 cows were assigned to the tail-docked (TD) group and 31 cows were selected as control animals. The following sensory assessments to evaluate pain in tail-docked cows were performed. Sensitivity of the tail region in both groups of animals was evaluated using a portable algometer. Cold and heat sensitivity assessment was performed using a frozen pack (0 °C) and warm water (45 °C), respectively. Pinprick sensitivity was evaluated using a Wartenberg neurological pinwheel. Superficial temperature was evaluated using a thermographic camera. All sensory assessments and superficial temperature were evaluated in the ventral surface of the tail stump (TD) and tail (C).ResultsPressure pain threshold was lower in TD cows (5.97 ± 0.19 kg) compared to control cows (11.75 ± 0.43 kg). Heat and cold sensitivity was higher in the TD cows compared to control cows with 29% and 23% of TD cows responding positively, respectively. Similarly, after pinprick sensitivity test was performed, 93% of TD cows elicited a positive response to stimulation. Tail-docked cows had lower superficial temperature (26.4 ± 0.27 °C) compared to control cows (29.9 ± 0.62 °C).DiscussionPressure pain threshold values in both groups of animals were higher than those previously reported for TD pigs, sows and cows. In contrast, pinprick stimulation evaluates the presence of punctate mechanical hyperalgesia/allodynia, usually related to traumatic nerve injury, and this association may reveal that it is possible that these animals developed a disorder associated to the development of a tail stump neuroma and concurrent neuropathic pain, previously reported in TD lambs, pigs and dogs. Thermal sensitivity showed that TD cows responded positively to heat and cold stimulation. These findings suggest that long-term TD cows could be suffering hyperalgesia/allodynia, which may be indicative of chronic pain. Lower superficial temperature in the stump may be associated to sympathetic fiber sprouting in the distal stump, which can lead to vasoconstriction and lower surface temperatures. Further studies are needed in order to confirm neuroma development and adrenergic sprouting.

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“…Quantitative sensory testing (QST) is usually performed in order to diagnose chronic pain conditions (Cruz-Almeida et al, 2014 Manuscript to be reviewed painful or nonpainful response (Fillingim et al, 2016). In addition, skin temperature evaluation can help determine tissue metabolism and blood circulation; therefore, changes could reflect circulatory or inflammatory conditions associated to chronic pain (Sathiyabarathi et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #1 of "Mechanical/thermal sensitivity and superficial temperature in the stump of long-term tail-docked dairy cows (v0.2)"

2018

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Background. Tail docking of dairy cows is a painful procedure that affects animal welfare level. The aims of this study were first to evaluate the response to mechanical and thermal stimulation, and second to determine the superficial temperature of the stump of taildocked dairy cows. Methods. One hundred and sixty-four dairy cows were enrolled. From these, 133 cows were assigned to the tail-docked (TD) group and 31 cows were selected as control animals. The following sensory assessments to evaluate pain in tail-docked cows were performed. Sensitivity of the tail region in both groups of animals was evaluated using a portable algometer. Cold and heat sensitivity assessment was performed using a frozen pack (0ºC) and warm water (45ºC), respectively. Pinprick sensitivity was evaluated using a Wartenberg neurological pinwheel. Superficial temperature was evaluated using a thermographic camera. All sensory assessments and superficial temperature were evaluated in the ventral surface of the tail stump (TD) and tail (C). Results. Pressure pain threshold was lower in TD cows (5.97±0.19 kg) compared to control cows (11.75±0.43 kg). Heat and cold sensitivity was higher in the TD cows compared to control cows with 29% and 23% of TD cows responding positively, respectively. Similarly, after pinprick sensitivity test was performed, 93% of TD cows elicited a positive response to stimulation. Taildocked cows had lower superficial temperature (26.4±0.27 ºC) compared to control cows (29.9±0.62 ºC). Discussion. Pressure pain threshold values in both groups of animals were higher than those previously reported for TD pigs, sows and cows. In contrast, pinprick stimulation evaluates the presence of punctate mechanical hyperalgesia/allodynia, usually related to traumatic nerve injury, and this association may reveal that it is possible that these animals developed a disorder associated to the development of a tail stump neuroma and concurrent neuropathic pain, previously reported in TD lambs, pigs and dogs. Thermal sensitivity showed that TD cows responded positively to heat and cold stimulation. These findings suggest that long-term TD cows

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Investigation of body and udder skin surface temperature differentials as an early indicator of mastitis in Holstein Friesian crossbred cows using digital infrared thermography technique

Cited by 41 publications

References 19 publications

Infrared thermography: A potential noninvasive tool to monitor udder health status in dairy cows

Infrared thermography: A potential noninvasive tool to monitor udder health status in dairy cows

Mechanical/thermal sensitivity and superficial temperature in the stump of long-term tail-docked dairy cows

Peer Review #1 of "Mechanical/thermal sensitivity and superficial temperature in the stump of long-term tail-docked dairy cows (v0.2)"

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