“…The special characteristics of the electrochemical substrates, instrumentation, and techniques endow electrochemical biosensors with intrinsic features that include affordability, low-power requirement, portability, sensitivity, specificity, timeliness, ease of use, feasibility for analyzing turbid, opaque, and colored solutions, and easy integration with PON technologies. These features make electrochemical biosensors ideal to be employed by anyone in remote or resource-limited settings. ,, Currently, electrochemical substrates are manufactured cheaply and on a large scale, while electrochemical instruments are commercially available in sizes so small that we could never imagine but keeping a performance equivalent to traditional instruments with the size of a microwave oven …”