Investigation of ash deposition in a pilot-scale fluidized bed combustor co-firing biomass with lignite

Ash Deposition in Biomass Combustion or Co-Firing for Power/Heat Generation

“…After collection, the ash deposits obtained from biomass co-firing/combustion are usually characterized by a variety of laboratory techniques, including inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), and ion chromatography (IC). ICP-AES, XRF and SEM-EDX were applied to analyze the major elements present in the fuel ash and deposits, including Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Ti, Na, K, P, Cl and S [37,[45][46][47][48][49], as well as Pb and Zn for some fuels such as recycled tires [21,22]. Most of these elements would contribute to ash deposition and agglomeration/clickers formation, especially for grate and fluidized bed combustion applications.…”

“…Furthermore, SEM is a particularly powerful analytical technique for the examination of the microstructure of ashes and deposits [50][51][52]. XRD is commonly used for the identification of the major crystalline phases in deposits [47,53,54]. Because of high chlorine contents in most of biomass, IC has been developed as a practical method to determine chlorine and sulphur concentration in the deposits [15,48].…”

A Comparative Study of Fouling and Bottom Ash from Woody Biomass Combustion in a Fixed-Bed Small-Scale Boiler and Evaluation of the Analytical Techniques Used

“…As a result of these problems, there is a loss of efficiency due to the reduction of the heat exchange, which results in an increase in the operational and maintenance costs. Therefore, fouling, slagging and corrosion are the main challenges faced by biomass combustion boilers, which are a subject of study for many researchers [4][5][6][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The main cause of the formation of these deposits resides in the chemical composition of the biomass used in the combustion.…”

“…[6,7,9,12,[14][15][16][17][18]. Many researches have focused on minimizing or removing these problems using methods such as co-firing with other types of fuel, such as different coals [9][10][11]13,[19][20][21] or blends of various biomass species [14,22], and the use of additives such as phosphoric acid [3], ammonium sulfate [19], kaolin [14], halloysite [23], titanium oxide [24], Ca-based additives [25] and others [26][27][28]. Therefore, the knowledge on the composition of the ash and fouling material is crucial to understand the mechanisms behind fouling formation and to provide a method to combat it.…”

Atmospheric Emissions of As, Sb, and Se from Coal Combustion in Shandong Province, 2005-2014

“…Owing to the slight changes of PM/SO 2 removal efficiencies during the past decade [17,18,[32][33][34], the constant average removal efficiencies of APCDs were adopted instead of the varied removal efficiencies. In fact, the most important factor that influences the removal of Sb, As, and Se emissions is the increased installation proportion of APCDs with a high PM/SO 2 removal efficiency.…”