Investigation of Antiviral Effects of Essential Oils

Synergistic In Vitro Antiviral Effect of Combinations of Ivermectin, Essential Oils, and 18-(Phthalimid-2-yl)ferruginol against Arboviruses and Herpesvirus

“…Essential oils (EOs) are very important natural products obtained from aromatic plants containing two main groups of biosynthetic constituents: terpenes/terpenoids and aromatic/aliphatic constituents, which are further classified based on their molecular weight [7]. Their extended use in many industries, including pharmaceuticals, agriculture, perfumes, and food, is predominantly attributed to their distinctive aromas and intriguing bioactivities [7,8]. EOs are composed principally of volatile substances containing complex mixtures of organic compounds that exhibit a wide range of promising biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antispasmodic, antioxidant, antiparasitic, anthelmintic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities [8].…”

“…Their extended use in many industries, including pharmaceuticals, agriculture, perfumes, and food, is predominantly attributed to their distinctive aromas and intriguing bioactivities [7,8]. EOs are composed principally of volatile substances containing complex mixtures of organic compounds that exhibit a wide range of promising biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antispasmodic, antioxidant, antiparasitic, anthelmintic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities [8]. There are approximately 3000 EOs obtained from different plant species, of which only 300 are economically important for the perfume, food, agricultural, sanitary, and pharmaceutical industries, due to their characteristic fragrances and interesting pharmacological actions [8].…”

“…EOs are composed principally of volatile substances containing complex mixtures of organic compounds that exhibit a wide range of promising biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antispasmodic, antioxidant, antiparasitic, anthelmintic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities [8]. There are approximately 3000 EOs obtained from different plant species, of which only 300 are economically important for the perfume, food, agricultural, sanitary, and pharmaceutical industries, due to their characteristic fragrances and interesting pharmacological actions [8]. Of particular interest are some EOs that exhibit antiviral activity against acyclovir-resistant strains of human herpesvirus (HHV), with activity up to 100 times greater than that of acyclovir [9].…”

“…Of particular interest are some EOs that exhibit antiviral activity against acyclovir-resistant strains of human herpesvirus (HHV), with activity up to 100 times greater than that of acyclovir [9]. There are numerous publications on the anti-herpetic activity of EOs and their isolated active compounds [10,11], but EOs also have potential as broad-spectrum antivirals against other DNA-and RNA-enveloped viruses [8]. Their mechanism of action primarily involves altering the viral envelope through interactions with viral structural proteins, disrupting the early stages of viral replication such as cell entry and adsorption [12,13].…”

“…Given the known antiviral properties of IVM [3][4][5][6], some EOs [8], and phthFGL [18][19][20][21] in certain viruses, we envisioned exploring the resultant antiviral activity of different combinations of commercially available IVM, commercially available oregano, or fennel essential oils, and phthFGL synthesized in our laboratory. The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible synergistic effect among the different substance combinations for the in vitro inhibition of the replication of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), herpesvirus (HHV), and Zika virus (ZIKV), as well as reductions in adverse effects in our cellular model (Vero-E6 cells) due to IVM determining cytotoxicity in vitro.…”