Investigation of an immobilization process for PFAS contaminated soils

Barth, Edwin F.; McKernan, John; Bless, Diana; Dasu, Kavitha

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113069

Cited by 32 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The addition of RemBind (RB) and FLUORO-SORB (FS) resulted in approximately 99.3 and 99.5% decreases (mass basis) in the sum of detected aqueous PFAS in comparison to the soil-only control, respectively, regardless of the stabilizer ratio ( Table S4 ), and is consistent with other studies. 21 , 59 − 64 In comparison to these larger and consistent decreases, observed decreases of 35.4–83.0% (mass basis) for LDH and the proprietary sealant were eliminated from consideration and are not discussed further. The batch testing identified RB and FS as the field-scale stabilizers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 60 − 64 These studies consistently demonstrated decreases in PFAS leachability of greater than 99% (mass basis) using stabilizing amendments such as biochar, activated carbon, montmorillonite, compost soil, pulverized zeolite, chitosan, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), aluminum hydroxide, bentonite, and calcium chloride. 21 , 59 − 64 Weathering under field conditions represents a gap in understanding the long-term performance of S/S for PFAS 60 , 61 and is the motivation of this study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“… 21 , 59 − 64 Relevant studies have included laboratory-based trials to evaluate the efficacy of stabilization to decrease PFAS leachability from FTA-specific or spiked soils 21 , 59 and to simulate weathering under controlled conditions. 60 − 64 These studies consistently demonstrated decreases in PFAS leachability of greater than 99% (mass basis) using stabilizing amendments such as biochar, activated carbon, montmorillonite, compost soil, pulverized zeolite, chitosan, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), aluminum hydroxide, bentonite, and calcium chloride. 21 , 59 − 64 Weathering under field conditions represents a gap in understanding the long-term performance of S/S for PFAS 60 , 61 and is the motivation of this study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As S/S homogenizes geological anisotropy during amendment addition via soil mixing, it facilitates access to PFAS associated with low permeable strata or adsorbed at phase interfaces. , Amendments are not yet available to destroy PFAS, and the current focus is the mitigation of PFAS leaching. S/S has been shown to decrease PFAS leaching from AFFF-impacted soils. ,− Relevant studies have included laboratory-based trials to evaluate the efficacy of stabilization to decrease PFAS leachability from FTA-specific or spiked soils , and to simulate weathering under controlled conditions. − These studies consistently demonstrated decreases in PFAS leachability of greater than 99% (mass basis) using stabilizing amendments such as biochar, activated carbon, montmorillonite, compost soil, pulverized zeolite, chitosan, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), aluminum hydroxide, bentonite, and calcium chloride. ,− Weathering under field conditions represents a gap in understanding the long-term performance of S/S for PFAS , and is the motivation of this study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field-Scale Demonstration of PFAS Leachability Following In Situ Soil Stabilization

et al. 2021

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A field-scale validation is summarized comparing the efficacy of commercially available stabilization amendments with the objective of mitigating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) leaching from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-impacted source zones. The scope of this work included bench-scale testing to evaluate multiple amendments and application concentrations to mitigate PFAS leachability and the execution of field-scale soil mixing in an AFFF-impacted fire-training area with nearly 2.5 years of post-soil mixing monitoring to validate reductions in PFAS leachability. At the bench scale, several amendments were evaluated and the selection of two amendments for field-scale evaluation was informed: FLUORO-SORB Adsorbent (FS) and RemBind (RB). Five ∼28 m 3 test pits (approximately 3 m wide by 3 m long by 3 m deep) were mixed at a site using conventional construction equipment. One control test pit (Test Pit 1) included Portland cement (PC) only (5% dry weight basis). The other four test pits (Test Pits 2 through 5) compared 5 and 10% ratios (dry weight basis) of FS and RB (also with PC). Five separate monitoring events included two to three sample cores collected from each test pit for United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 1315 leaching assessment. After 1 year, a mass balance for each test pit was attempted comparing the total PFAS soil mass before, during, and after leach testing. Bench-scale and field-scale data were in good agreement and demonstrated >99% decrease in total PFAS leachability (mass basis; >98% mole basis) as confirmed by the total oxidizable precursor assay, strongly supporting the chemical stabilization of PFAS.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field-Scale Demonstration of PFAS Leachability Following In Situ Soil Stabilization

et al. 2021

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“…Stabilization/solidification (S/S) technology utilizes conventional soilmixing equipment to distribute stabilizing amendments (with or without solidifying amendments like Portland cement) to immobilize PFAS within the source area. There are multiple bench-scale demonstrations (Barth et al, 2021;Braunig et al, 2021;Hale et al, 2017;Kabiri & McLaughlin, 2021;Kupryianchyk et al, 2016;Sorengard et al, 2019Sorengard et al, , 2021Wang et al, 2021)…”

Section: Stabilization/solidificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

PFAS Experts Symposium 2: Statements on available in situ remediation technologies

Abrams¹,

McGregor²,

Burns³

et al. 2022

Remediation Journal

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As a follow-up to the PFAS Experts Symposium 2 held on June 30 and July 1, 2021, the In situ Remediation Technologies Committee prepared a technical and regulatory review of in situ technologies that are potentially applicable to sites with per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination. The technologies included in the review were limited to those that are deemed commercially available and potentially applicable to sites with soil, groundwater, surface water, and sediment contamination. While the scope of commercially available in situ remediation technologies for PFAS remains limited, some in situ adsorption technologies, most notably activated carbon-based technologies, can be considered fully commercialized. Though questions remain regarding the long-term effectiveness of these technologies, field applications deployed for at least a half-decade or more continue to demonstrate effectiveness. | INTRODUCTIONThis paper was developed from presentations given at the PFAS Experts Symposium 2 (Symposium), a virtual, invitation-only conference held on June 30 and July 1, 2021. A previous PFAS Experts Symposium was held in May 2019. A primary objective of the Symposium was to share current information on per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) among experts in different scientific and technical fields. All listed authors participated in the Symposium and contributed to the discussions and presentations on available in situ remediation technologies to treat PFAS contamination in various environmental media.The Committee on "Available In Situ Remediation Technologies" was charged with benchmarking a key subset of remediation technologies. The concept of "in situ" technologies is widely understood to include technologies that provide treatment or containment within the subsurface. Further, "available" was defined by the Committee as technologies that have advanced beyond the research stage and are available for use either now or in the near future.

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Bioremediation of Soils Contaminated with PFAS: An Update on Available Techniques, Pilot Studies, Challenges, and Future Directions

Beškoski,

Lješević,

Jiménez

et al. 2024

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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Investigation of an immobilization process for PFAS contaminated soils

Cited by 32 publications

References 20 publications

Field-Scale Demonstration of PFAS Leachability Following In Situ Soil Stabilization

Field-Scale Demonstration of PFAS Leachability Following In Situ Soil Stabilization

PFAS Experts Symposium 2: Statements on available in situ remediation technologies

Bioremediation of Soils Contaminated with PFAS: An Update on Available Techniques, Pilot Studies, Challenges, and Future Directions

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