Investigation of a Q fever outbreak in a rural area of The Netherlands

Karagiannis, Ioannis; Schimmer, Barbara; Lier, Alies van; Timen, Aura; Schneeberger, Peter M.; Rotterdam, Bart J. van; Bruin, Arnout de; Wijkmans, C.J.; Rietveld, Ariene; Duynhoven, Yvonne van

doi:10.1017/s0950268808001908

Cited by 118 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Airborne transmission of contaminated dust particles could have been facilitated by the unusually hot and dry weather in the spring of 2007. In 2007, the outbreak was concentrated around a single village and in this village a case-control study was performed [29]. Contact with manure, hay, and straw proved to be a risk factor.…”

Section: Public Health and The Environment (Rivm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Q fever epidemic in The Netherlands: history, onset, response and reflection

et al. 2010

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SUMMARYThe 2007-2009 human Q fever epidemic in The Netherlands attracted attention due to its magnitude and duration. The current epidemic and the historical background of Q fever in The Netherlands are reviewed according to national and international publications. Seroprevalence studies suggest that Q fever was endemic in The Netherlands several decades before the disease was diagnosed in dairy goats and dairy sheep.

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Section: Public Health and The Environment (Rivm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Q fever epidemic in The Netherlands: history, onset, response and reflection

et al. 2010

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“…Critically, subject to a suitable extraction method, real-time PCR might be used to detect the presence of C. burnetii within a multitude of different sample types, including bedding material, straw, and birth products (including placental and fetal material), that could be associated with the production of contaminated aerosols, which may be potentially involved in a disease outbreak. 9,17,23 Polymerase chain reaction assays may also be used to detect C. burnetii in milk. 15 The current study has shown that suitable detection methods are available in many laboratories to detect C. burnetii in a disease outbreak.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interlaboratory Comparison of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods to Detect Coxiella Burnetii, The Causative Agent of Q Fever

Jones

Hertwig

Pitman³

et al. 2011

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. The bacterium Coxiella burnetii, which has a wide host range, causes Q fever. Infection with C. burnetii can cause abortions, stillbirth, and the delivery of weak offspring in ruminants. Coxiella burnetii infection is zoonotic, and in human beings it can cause chronic, potentially fatal disease. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is increasingly being used to detect the organism and to aid in diagnosis both in human and animal cases. Many different real-time PCR methods, which target different genes, have been described. To assess the comparability of the C. burnetii real-time PCR assays in use in different European laboratories, a panel of nucleic acid extracts was dispatched to 7 separate testing centers. The testing centers included laboratories from both human and animal health agencies. Each laboratory tested the samples using their inhouse real-time PCR methods. The results of this comparison show that the most common target gene for real-time PCR assays is the IS1111 repeat element that is present in multiple copies in the C. burnetii genome. Many laboratories also use additional real-time PCR tests that target single-copy genes. The results of the current study demonstrate that the assays in use in the different laboratories are comparable, with general agreement of results for the panel of samples.

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“…[7][8][9]20 Abnormally dry and drought conditions in the region of Missouri where Community A is located during Summer 2013 could have been especially conducive to windborne spread of C. burnetii in dust. 10,[21][22][23][24] Additionally, uncovered compost piles and transport of uncovered manure or bedding were reported or observed in Community A. These practices can result in aerosolization of C. burnetii, particularly on windy days, putting environmental workers and the larger community at risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coxiella burnetii Infection in a Community Operating a Large-Scale Cow and Goat Dairy, Missouri, 2013

Biggs

Turabelidze

Pratt

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic pathogen that causes Q fever in humans and is transmitted primarily from infected goats, sheep, or cows. Q fever typically presents as an acute febrile illness; however, individuals with certain predisposing conditions, including cardiac valvulopathy, are at risk for chronic Q fever, a serious manifestation that may present as endocarditis. In response to a cluster of Q fever cases detected by public health surveillance, we evaluated C. burnetii infection in a community that operates a large-scale cow and goat dairy. A case was defined as an individual linked to the community with a C. burnetii phase II IgG titer ≥ 128. Of 135 participants, 47 (35%) cases were identified. Contact with or close proximity to cows, goats, and their excreta was associated with being a case (relative risk 2.7, 95% confidence interval 1.3-5.3). Cases were also identified among individuals without cow or goat contact and could be related to windborne spread or tracking of C. burnetii on fomites within the community. A history of injection drug use was reported by 26/130 (20%) participants; follow-up for the presence of valvulopathy and monitoring for development of chronic Q fever may be especially important among this population.

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Investigation of a Q fever outbreak in a rural area of The Netherlands

Cited by 118 publications

References 22 publications

The Q fever epidemic in The Netherlands: history, onset, response and reflection

The Q fever epidemic in The Netherlands: history, onset, response and reflection

Interlaboratory Comparison of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods to Detect Coxiella Burnetii, The Causative Agent of Q Fever

Coxiella burnetii Infection in a Community Operating a Large-Scale Cow and Goat Dairy, Missouri, 2013

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