“…Non-penetrating CB leads to stunning via the transfer of kinetic energy into the cranium and brain and is usually followed by a secondary euthanasia method [4,5,7,11]. In contrast, penetrating CB results in death due to the bolt fracturing the skull and entering the brain, subsequently causing irreversible physical damage to the cerebral cortex, brain stem and the thalamus [10,[12][13][14]. The five indicators of successful stunning are lack of corneal blink reflex, rhythmic breathing, righting reflexes, vocalization and head/neck tension [5,15,16].…”