Investigation into Ex-Situ and In-Situ Iodine Doped Plasma Polymerized Fluorene-type Thin Films

Mansuroglu, Dogan; Uzun-Kaymak, Ilker

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.686

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…A common method to make a conjugated polymer film conductive is to dope a halogen element such as HCl and I 2 as a proton donor (electron acceptor) [ 24 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. In particular, the ex situ I 2 doping process, in which a doping step is performed after synthesizing a polymer film, is widely used to test the conductivity of polymer films due to its low cost and simplicity of the process [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. When I 2 is used as a dopant, the electrons in the double bonds of the PANI backbone are transferred to the iodine, leaving the units of the polymer chain positively charged, thus resulting in an imbalanced electron arrangement that makes the PANI film conductive [ 45 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of the Uniformity and Electrical Properties of Polyaniline Nanocomposite Film by Addition of Auxiliary Gases during Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization

et al. 2021

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The morphological and chemical properties of polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite films after adding small amounts of auxiliary gases such as argon, nitrogen, and oxygen during atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma polymerization are investigated in detail. A separate gas-supply line for applying an auxiliary gas is added to the AP plasma polymerization system to avoid plasma instability due to the addition of auxiliary gas during polymerization. A small amount of neutral gas species in the plasma medium can reduce the reactivity of monomers hyperactivated by high plasma energy and prevent excessive crosslinking, thereby obtaining a uniform and regular PANI nanocomposite film. The addition of small amounts of argon or nitrogen during polymerization significantly improves the uniformity and regularity of PANI nanocomposite films, whereas the addition of oxygen weakens them. In particular, the PANI film synthesized by adding a small amount of nitrogen has the best initial electrical resistance and resistance changing behavior with time after the ex situ iodine (I2)-doping process compared with other auxiliary gases. In addition, it is experimentally demonstrated that the electrical conductivity of the ex situ I2-doped PANI film can be preserved for a long time by isolating it from the atmosphere.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of the Uniformity and Electrical Properties of Polyaniline Nanocomposite Film by Addition of Auxiliary Gases during Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization

et al. 2021

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“…To synthesize CPs with excellent electrical properties using conventional plasma processes, doping is performed using materials such as iodine (I 2 ), chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and iron trichloride [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Many studies have directly injected I 2 into the reaction chamber during plasma polymerization using in situ techniques for both low-pressure and atmospheric-pressure (AP) plasmas [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To achieve high concentration and sufficient I 2 doping, the amount of I 2 vapor flow must be considerably increased during the polymer film growth [25]. Conventional in situ I 2 doping typically uses solid I 2 particles to inject I 2 vapor under room-temperature conditions [12,[20][21][22][23][24]. Solid I 2 particles have a high vapor pressure and a low sublimation temperature [26], making it difficult to considerably Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 468 2 of 17 increase the I 2 vapor flow for achieving high doping under room-temperature conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of Electrical Conductivity of In Situ Iodine-Doped Polypyrrole Film Using Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Reactor with Capillary Electrodes

Jung,

Khalil,

Jang

et al. 2024

Nanomaterials

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To improve the electrical conductivity of polypyrrole (PPy) nanostructure film through in situ iodine (I2) doping, this study proposes an atmospheric pressure plasma reactor (APPR) where heated I2 dopant vapor is fed through capillary electrodes that serve as electrodes for discharge ignition. A large amount of the heated I2 vapor introduced into the reactor separately from a monomer gas can be effectively activated by an intense plasma via capillary electrodes. In particular, intensive plasma is obtained by properly adjusting the bluff body position in the APPR. Based on the ICCD and OES results, the I2 vapor injected through the capillary nozzle electrode is observed to form I2 charge species. The formed I2 species could directly participate in growing in situ I2-doped PPy films. Thus, in situ I2-doped PPy nanostructure films grown using the proposed APPR exhibit higher thicknesses of 15.3 μm and good electrical conductivities, compared to the corresponding non-doped films.

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“…When I 2 is used as a dopant, the electrons in the double bonds of the conjugated polymer backbone are transferred to the iodine, leaving the units of the polymer chain positively charged, thus resulting in an imbalanced electron arrangement that makes the polymer film conductive [ 37 ]. In particular, due to the advantages of low cost and process simplicity, many studies have described the ex-situ I 2 doping process in which the doping step is performed after the synthesis of the polymer film [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. However, this approach still has the major drawback that the corresponding electrical resistance is initially quite high and continues to increase with time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Situ Iodine Doping Characteristics of Conductive Polyaniline Film Polymerized by Low-Voltage-Driven Atmospheric Pressure Plasma

et al. 2021

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In-situ iodine (I2)-doped atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma polymerization is proposed, based on a newly designed AP plasma reactor with a single wire electrode that enables low-voltage-driven plasma polymerization. The proposed AP plasma reactor can proceed plasma polymerization at low voltage levels, thereby enabling an effective in-situ I2 doping process by maintaining a stable glow discharge state even if the applied voltage increases due to the use of a discharge gas containing a large amount of monomer vapors and doping materials. The results of field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) show that the polyaniline (PANI) films are successfully deposited on the silicon (Si) substrates, and that the crosslinking pattern of the synthesized nanoparticles is predominantly vertically aligned. In addition, the in-situ I2-doped PANI film fabricated by the proposed AP plasma reactor exhibits excellent electrical resistance without electrical aging behavior. The developed AP plasma reactor proposed in this study is more advantageous for the polymerization and in-situ I2 doping of conductive polymer films than the existing AP plasma reactor with a dielectric barrier.

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Investigation into Ex-Situ and In-Situ Iodine Doped Plasma Polymerized Fluorene-type Thin Films

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Improvement of the Uniformity and Electrical Properties of Polyaniline Nanocomposite Film by Addition of Auxiliary Gases during Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization

Improvement of the Uniformity and Electrical Properties of Polyaniline Nanocomposite Film by Addition of Auxiliary Gases during Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization

Improvement of Electrical Conductivity of In Situ Iodine-Doped Polypyrrole Film Using Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Reactor with Capillary Electrodes

In-Situ Iodine Doping Characteristics of Conductive Polyaniline Film Polymerized by Low-Voltage-Driven Atmospheric Pressure Plasma

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