Investigating volcanic hazard in Cape Verde Islands through geophysical monitoring: network description and first results

Faria, Bruno; Fonseca, João F. B. D.

doi:10.5194/nhess-14-485-2014

Cited by 36 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…2). All three of these eruptions were from fissure vent arrays located farther west than any other post-1725 AD vents and, in the case of the 1995 and 2014-2015 eruptions, from mainly northeast-southwest trending fissures within Chã (Faria and Fonseca 2014).…”

Section: Previous Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…In 1680 AD, a major summit eruption of Pico do Fogo produced large ash falls over the whole island rendering agricultural lands temporarily unusable and triggering mass emigration from the island, to Brava in particular (Ribeiro 1960). Most eruptions from 1725 AD up to and including that in 1857 AD were from fissure vents on the northern and southern flanks of the Pico and Fogo (Faria and Fonseca 2014). In the 150 years or so since first settlement of Chã das Caldeiras there have been three effusive eruptions that occurred from subsidiary flank vents near the base of Pico: in 1951Pico: in , 1995Pico: in and 2014Pico: in -2015 (Fig.…”

Section: Previous Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased unrest at Fogo in late 2014 lead to progressive raising of the alert level within the established scheme (Faria 2010;Faria and Fonseca 2014) (Table 2). Following the initial unrest and alert level raise, the official meteorological and volcanological hazard monitoring agency for Cape Verde (National Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics: INMG) issued a formal alert of impending eruption to the Civil Protection on 17 October.…”

Section: -2015 Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Damage from lava flows: insights from the 2014–2015 eruption of Fogo, Cape Verde

et al. 2017

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Fast-moving lava flows during the 2014-2015 eruption of Fogo volcano in Cape Verde engulfed 75% (n = 260) of buildings within three villages in the Chã das Caldeiras area, as well as 25% of cultivable agricultural land, water storage facilities and the only road into the area. The eruption had a catastrophic impact for the closeknit communities of Chã, destroying much of their property, land and livelihoods. Volcanic risk assessment typically assumes that any object -be it a building, infrastructure or agriculture -in the path of a lava flow will be completely destroyed. Vulnerability or fragility functions for areas impacted by lava flows are thus binary: no damage in the absence of lava and complete destruction in the presence of lava. A pre-eruption field assessment of the vulnerability of buildings, infrastructure and agriculture on Fogo to the range of volcanic hazards was carried out in 2010. Many of the areas assessed were subsequently impacted by the 2014-2015 eruption and, shortly after the eruption ended, we carried out a post-eruption field assessment of the damage caused by the lava flows. In this paper, we present our findings from the damage assessment in the context of building and infrastructural vulnerability to lava flows. We found that a binary vulnerability function for lava flow impact was appropriate for most combinations of lava flow hazard and asset characteristics but that building and infrastructure type, and the flow thickness, affected the level of impact. Drawing on these observations, we have considered potential strategies for reducing physical vulnerability to lava flow impact, with a focus on buildings housing critical infrastructure. Damage assessments for lava flows are rare, and the findings and analysis presented here are important for understanding future hazard and reconstruction on Fogo and elsewhere.

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Section: Previous Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Previous Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: -2015 Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Damage from lava flows: insights from the 2014–2015 eruption of Fogo, Cape Verde

et al. 2017

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“…Unusual "hybrid" earthquakes having high frequency onset and low frequency codas were recorded in the aftermath of the swarms of 25 May. The significance of those events was uncertain at that time, but it is now known that hybrid earthquakes of this type are common at other volcanoes with active hydrothermal systems and can be interpreted as episodes of fracture creating permeability that allows movement of hydrothermal fluids, or alternatively as episodes of fracture associated with propagation of magma-filled dykes (Faria and Fonseca 2014). Seismic swarms ceased after a relatively small swarm on 19 July 1994.…”

Section: Precursory Activity (Ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Instrumental Volcano Surveillance and Community Awareness in the Lead-Up to the 1994 Eruptions at Rabaul, Papua New Guinea

McKee

Itikarai²,

Davies

2017

Advances in Volcanology

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Instrumental volcano surveillance and community awareness played key roles in preparing for the outbreak of the 1994 VEI 4 volcanic eruptions at Rabaul (pop. 17,000). The eruptions were preceded by 23 years of fluctuating unrest involving swarms of caldera earthquakes (max M L 5.2) and co-seismic uplift of parts of the floor of Rabaul Caldera. Eruption contingency planning was formally driven by government authorities and involved all sections of the community. Community awareness of the volcanic threat was enhanced by the dissemination of relevant information by the Public Information Unit of the East New Britain Provincial Government and reached a peak in the mid-1980s at the time of a large increase in the strength and frequency of earthquake activity (between August 1983 and. However, the intensity of the unrest declined after July 1985 and another 9 years elapsed before a new and dramatically stronger phase of unrest took place. The strong and sustained earthquake activity on 18 September 1994, together with marked co-seismic uplift that took place that night, was the final episode of volcanic unrest prior to the outbreak of eruptions on the morning of 19 September 1994. Memories and stories of the seismic prelude to the previous eruptions, in 1937, are reported to have been a major influence on community response to the seismicity on 18 September 1994. The evacuation of all areas within the caldera proceeded efficiently from late afternoon of 18 September until the early hours of 19 September. These areas were almost deserted when the eruptions started at two vents, Tavurvur and Vulcan, on opposite sides of the caldera at 0606 and 0717 LT respectively on the morning of 19 September 1994. Ten deaths in the first six weeks of eruptive activity were volcano-related. Damage inflicted by the eruptions was severe. About 70% of Rabaul Town was destroyed by tephra fall from Tavurvur, and several villages were obliterated by pyroclastic flows and heavy tephra fall from Vulcan. The 23 years of precursory activity and the events around the start of the 1994 eruptions delivered a number of important lessons in the fields of volcano surveillance, communications and disaster management. Perhaps the most important lessons of all are that co-existence with active and potentially active volcanoes requires (i) open and effective lines of communication between volcano scientists, government officials, town authorities and the general public, facilitated by designated public information officers, and (ii) the establishment and frequent exercising of eruption contingency plans.

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“…Historical accounts indicate that Fogo volcano experienced regular eruptions during the early stages of Portuguese settlement (Fonseca et al 2003) and that the summit cone of Pico do Fogo last erupted in 1680, producing large ash falls that rendered agricultural lands temporarily unusable and triggered mass emigration from the island (Ribeiro 1960). Recent activity has been more subdued with direct experience restricted to the effusive eruptions of 1951, 1995, and 2014-2015 that occurred from subsidiary flank vents and fissures near the base of Pico (Faria and Fonseca 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges of Volcanic Crises on Small Islands States

Komorowski

Morin

Jenkins

et al. 2016

Advances in Volcanology

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Island communities frequently display specific risk-related characteristics that are attributable to the island locations of volcano-affected communities, in terms of exposure, vulnerability and living with the volcanic risk. This chapter examines volcanic crisis response and communication in island communities. We analyse lessons from volcanic crises in 1976 at La Soufrière (Guadeloupe, France), in 2005 and 2006 at Karthala (Grande Comore, Comoros), and in 1995 at Fogo (Cape Verde). Our analysis underscores the strong influence of deep-seated causes (historical, political, cultural, social, economic, and environmental) on the success and failure of volcanic risk communication, all of which are affected by island characteristics. The case studies demonstrate the intensity of politics that manifests in these instances-perhaps because of, rather than despite, the smallness and tightness of the communities, amongst other island characteristics. Consequently, improved information and less uncertainty would not straightforwardly lead to better communication or more harmonious acceptance of decision-making processes and of decisions.

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Investigating volcanic hazard in Cape Verde Islands through geophysical monitoring: network description and first results

Cited by 36 publications

References 39 publications

Damage from lava flows: insights from the 2014–2015 eruption of Fogo, Cape Verde

Damage from lava flows: insights from the 2014–2015 eruption of Fogo, Cape Verde

Instrumental Volcano Surveillance and Community Awareness in the Lead-Up to the 1994 Eruptions at Rabaul, Papua New Guinea

Challenges of Volcanic Crises on Small Islands States

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