Investigating Vietnam’s Ornamental Bird Trade: Implications for Transmission of Zoonoses

Edmunds, Kelly; Roberton, Scott; Few, Roger; Mahood, Simon P.; Bui, Phuong L.; Hunter, Paul R.; Bell, Diana

doi:10.1007/s10393-011-0691-0

Cited by 21 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The bird trade in East and South-East Asia is economically lucrative and active. The invasion pathway for birds has been well-studied in Western countries, but in Eastern countries birds are traded for different reasons, and trade concerns different species with different characteristics traded in different quantities [ 20 , 57 , 58 ]. It is particularly important to understand the trade in response to Eastern market demands, in comparison to Western trade, which has been curtailed since the unpopularity of past Acclimatisation Society activity and, currently, by wildlife trade bans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whether or not a species was listed in the CITES appendices (and therefore restricted in international trade) has significant effects on the price of species in the Taiwanese pet market (Tables 2 and 4 ), albeit that the variable importance for CITES listing is less than that of the five primary predictors of price ( Table 4 ). The sources of species in pet shops (captive-bred or wild-caught) are often unclear [ 28 ], but the bulk of pet trade is made up of wild-caught species [ 16 , 27 , 57 ]. Not only is the international trade of CITES-listed species restricted, but they are also likely to fall under local regulations such as the Wildlife Conservation Act in Taiwan [ 20 , 62 ], and so we would expect an effect of CITES listing on price.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Going Cheap: Determinants of Bird Price in the Taiwanese Pet Market

Cassey

Vall‐llosera

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundInternational wildlife trade is the largest emerging source of vertebrate invasive alien species. In order to prevent invasions, it is essential to understand the mechanics of trade and, in particular, which traded species are most likely to be released or escape into the wild. A species’ economic value is a key factor, because we expect cheaper species to be less assiduously secured against escaping, and more likely to be deliberately released. Here, we investigate determinants of the price of species in the Taiwanese bird trade. Taiwan is an international hub for bird trade, and several native species are threatened by alien bird species.MethodologyWe investigated the relationship between the traded species sale price in Taiwan and the species availability for trade (the number of birds for sale, geographic range size and their origin, conservation and CITES status) and traits (body size, coloration, song attractiveness). We used phylogenetic generalized least squares models, with multi-model inference, to assess the variables that are best related to the price of birds in the Taiwanese pet trade.Principal Findings / ConclusionsWe found that species available for sale in larger numbers, native to Taiwan, not globally endangered, and small-bodied are all relatively cheaper, as too are species lacking yellow coloration and without attractive songs. Our models of price revealed high levels of phylogenetic correlation, and hence that closely related species tended to be sold for similar prices. We suggest that, on the basis of price, native species are more likely to be deliberately or accidentally released than alien species. Nevertheless, our survey of bird shops recorded 160 species alien to Taiwan (7,631 individuals), several of which are for sale cheaply and in large numbers. Alien bird species in trade therefore present an ongoing, non-trivial invasion risk on the island.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Going Cheap: Determinants of Bird Price in the Taiwanese Pet Market

Cassey

Vall‐llosera

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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“…Passerine species are known to be susceptible to HPAI H5N1 infection [9] – [16] , even though their susceptibility can vary depending on the bird species or the viral strain. Natural infections were also described [12] , [17] – [21] . Nonetheless, the exact role of those birds in the natural cycle of H5N1 virus was never determined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eurasian Tree Sparrows, Risk for H5N1 Virus Spread and Human Contamination through Buddhist Ritual: An Experimental Approach

et al. 2011

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BackgroundThe Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 virus has dramatically spread throughout Southeast Asia since its first detection in 1997. Merit Release Birds, such as the Eurasian Tree Sparrow, are believed to increase one's positive karma when kissed and released during Buddhist rituals. Since these birds are often in close contact with both poultry and humans, we investigated their potential role in the spread of H5N1 virus.Methodology/Principal FindingsSeven series of experiments were conducted in order to investigate the possible interactions between inoculated and exposed birds, including sparrow/sparrow, sparrow/chicken, duck/sparrow. Daily and post-mortem samples collected were tested for H5N1 virus by real-time RT-PCR and egg inoculation. When directly inoculated, Eurasian Tree Sparrows were highly susceptible to the H5N1 virus, with a fatality rate approaching 100% within 5 days post-inoculation. Although transmission of fatal infection between sparrows did not occur, seroconversion of the exposed birds was observed. Up to 100% chickens exposed to inoculated sparrows died of H5N1 infection, depending on the caging conditions of the birds, while a fatality rate of 50% was observed on sparrows exposed to infected ducks. Large quantities of H5N1 virus were detected in the sparrows, particularly in their feathers, from which infectious particles were recovered.Conclusions/SignificanceOur study indicates that under experimental conditions, Eurasian Tree Sparrows are susceptible to H5N1 infection, either by direct inoculation or by contact with infected poultry. Their ability to transmit H5N1 infection to other birds is also demonstrated, suggesting that the sparrows may play a role in the dissemination of the virus. Finally, the presence of significant quantities of H5N1 virus on sparrows' feathers, including infectious particles, would suggest that Merit Release Birds represent a risk for human contamination in countries where avian influenza virus is circulating and where this religious ritual is practiced.

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“…For this study, we chose 3 species of Passeriformes (zebra finches, society finches, and sparrows), which are related to the bramblings described previously. We also studied the parakeet (budgerigar; order Psittaciformes), a bird found in the wild and in households as a pet, that is known to support the replication of other subtypes of influenza ( 16 – 18 ). The study was conducted during June and July 2013 at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital (Memphis, TN, USA).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Role of Songbirds and Parakeets in Transmission of Influenza A(H7N9) Virus to Humans

Jc¹,

Sonnberg²,

Koçer³

et al. 2014

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) recently emerged in China, causing severe human disease. Several subtype H7N9 isolates contain influenza genes previously identified in viruses from finch-like birds. Because wild and domestic songbirds interact with humans and poultry, we investigated the susceptibility and transmissibility of subtype H7N9 in these species. Finches, sparrows, and parakeets supported replication of a human subtype H7N9 isolate, shed high titers through the oropharyngeal route, and showed few disease signs. Virus was shed into water troughs, and several contact animals seroconverted, although they shed little virus. Our study demonstrates that a human isolate can replicate in and be shed by such songbirds and parakeets into their environment. This finding has implications for these birds’ potential as intermediate hosts with the ability to facilitate transmission and dissemination of A(H7N9) virus.

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Investigating Vietnam’s Ornamental Bird Trade: Implications for Transmission of Zoonoses

Cited by 21 publications

References 17 publications

Going Cheap: Determinants of Bird Price in the Taiwanese Pet Market

Going Cheap: Determinants of Bird Price in the Taiwanese Pet Market

Eurasian Tree Sparrows, Risk for H5N1 Virus Spread and Human Contamination through Buddhist Ritual: An Experimental Approach

Possible Role of Songbirds and Parakeets in Transmission of Influenza A(H7N9) Virus to Humans

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