Investigating the viscoelastic and hysteresis behavior of nano silica/carbon black hybrid reinforced styrene‐butadiene rubber vulcanizates via surface silanization

Abstract

With the thought of green tires and the need of replacing carbon reinforcing fillers with noncarbon silica filler, the effectiveness of silane surface modification on dispersion state, dynamic viscoelastic, hysteresis, and abrasion resistance of SBR vulcanizates filled with a hybrid of carbon black (CB)/nano SiO 2 is investigated. In situ surface modification of nano SiO 2 is carried out using bis-(γ-triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide (TESPT), and various compounds with different ratios of CB/SiO 2 are prepared via a melt mixing process in an internal bath mixer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FT-IR spectroscopy revealed improved dispersion of silica and CB clusters with enhanced molecular interactions using in situ surface modification with 5 phr of TESPT is performed. Evidence for enhanced molecular interactions included lower dynamic loss (tanδ) and less hysteresis measured via dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Our results indicate that appropriate modification of silica allows partial replacement of carbon black with silica for production of eco-friendly rubber products.

Reinforcing Performance of Silane-Modified Recycled Nanosilica within Sustainable, Non-black-filled Styrene–Butadiene Rubber Nanocomposites

“…Also, due to the less potent van der Waals force at CB nanoparticles' surface compared to that of silica ones, CB can establish more extensive, powerful filler−rubber interfaces (carbon black−rubber covalent bonds (CRCBs)) with SBR, further restricting SBR chains' motion and relaxation. 16,39 As a result, it was not shocking to figure out that CB acted as the best reinforcement for SBR, and the C20 sample is the best performer in terms of mechanical properties; it also can be verified by the results that the highest M300 (Young's modulus at 300% elongation), tensile strength, hardness, and tear strength belong to the C20 sample.…”

“…This phenomenon is counted as one of the rationales behind the inferiority of nanosilica-filled nanocomposites to that of CB-filled in terms of technical properties. 16 Among silica-containing nanocomposites, the best performance in mechanical properties is displayed by the R20 sample. Due to the minor quantity of GNSi agglomerates that have existed within R20 rather than those 1F ones in 1F20, more resilient, wide-ranging, abundant GNSi−TESPT−rubber bridges (GTRBs) were created; this provides the better act of SBR molecules' motion prevention through the declared mechanism imposed by GNSi nanoparticles.…”

“…As a general rule, nanosilica-reinforced nanocomposites can establish more robust physical interfacial networks within the SBR matrix, bringing about more mechanical inferiority, which is exposed as the extra energy required to dissociate the mentioned networks, than CB-filled nanocomposites. This phenomenon is counted as one of the rationales behind the inferiority of nanosilica-filled nanocomposites to that of CB-filled in terms of technical properties . Among silica-containing nanocomposites, the best performance in mechanical properties is displayed by the R20 sample.…”

“…In this way, not only was wet grip and rolling resistance improved in the nanocomposite containing TESPT but its glass transition temperature ( T g ) was also elevated. Similarly, Kalantari et al suggested that incorporating the silane as the modifying agent improved the viscoelasticity performance of silica-having rubber vulcanizates by a positively thriving cross-linking degree inside the SBR matrix. Lin et al demonstrated the effects of silica/graphene (SG) hybrids on the SBR matrix.…”

Synergistic effects of silane‐modified carbon black and nano‐silica hybrid fillers on the performance of natural rubber compounds

“…Therefore, a hybrid filler system of CB and nano‐silica has been proposed as a promising way to combine the advantages of both fillers and overcome their disadvantages. The use of CB in combination with silica has been widely studied and previously reported 16–31 …”