Investigating the thermodynamics and kinetics of thin film reactions by differential scanning calorimetry

Michaelsen, C.; Barmak, K.; Weihs, Timothy P.

doi:10.1088/0022-3727/30/23/001

Cited by 177 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…The samples were stored at room temperature for several weeks, and subsequently aged at 170°C for 2, 7 or 21 days. All DSC experiments were conducted in a Perkin Elmer Pyris 1 Calorimeter, which is a power compensation DSC [1,21]. Nitrogen was used as both a purge and protective gas.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DSC study of precipitation in an Al–Mg–Mn alloy microalloyed with Cu

Starink

Dion

2004

Thermochimica Acta

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Power compensation DSC has been employed to detect and analyse precipitation reactions in an Al-1.3Mg-0.4Mn and an Al-1.3Mg-0.4Mn-0.07Cu alloy in which very small amounts of precipitate, less than 0.3 at%, are expected to form. Due to the very small heat effects, baseline instability and drift significantly interfere with the measurements. After repeated experiments and careful baseline correction it is demonstrated that in the Cu containing alloy, ageing at 170°C causes the appearance of two endothermic effects: for 2 days ageing a small dissolution effect appears at about 230°C, whilst for 7 and 21 days ageing a dissolution effect peaking appears at about 300°C. The temperature range of the latter is consistent with S phase dissolution. IntroductionDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and isothermal calorimetry are extensively used for the study of precipitation in heat treatable Al based alloys [1]. Studies are conducted on alloys in which the amount of alloying elements that precipitate is typically in the range of 1 to 10 atomic percent. For instance, in commercial Al-Cu-Mg alloys (e.g. AA2024: Al-1.6at%Cu-1at%Mg) the amount of Cu and Mg atoms that precipitate to form S phase is about 2at% [2,3], in an Al-1at%Si alloy the amount of Si that precipitates is about 1at% [4], in commercial Al-Zn-Mg-Cu based alloys the amount of precipitates is in the order of 4 to 7at% [5,6] (but these precipitates will contain some Al), in Al-Li-Cu-Mg alloys the amount of Li that precipitates to form δ' phase (Al 3 Li) is about 2 to 3 at% [7,8] and in Al-16at%Mg the amount of Mg atoms that precipitates to form β'' (Al 3 Mg) phase is about 6at% [9]. The Al alloys with the smallest amount of precipitation which have been studied by calorimetry are probably the Al-4.7at%Mg-0.25at%Cu-0.14at%Si alloy, in which about 0.5at% of Cu and Mg are expected to combine to form S phase (Al 2 CuMg) [10,11] and the Al-0.5at%Mn-0.3at%Fe based AA3003 alloy in which most of the Mn and Fe is thought to form intermetallic Al, Mn and Fe containing precipitates [12]. As far as we are aware no attempts to detect or analyse precipitation with calorimetry have been reported for metallic alloys in which the total amount of precipitating alloying elements is less than 0.5at%.The present paper reports work on a very dilute precipitation system: an Al-1.3at%Mg-0.4at%Mn alloy microalloyed with up to 0.07at%Cu. If S phase (Al 2 CuMg) forms in this alloy, the maximum

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DSC study of precipitation in an Al–Mg–Mn alloy microalloyed with Cu

Starink

Dion

2004

Thermochimica Acta

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“…This necessitated that the film be removed from the Si substrate. 20 This was accomplished by coating the Si wafers with a polymer release layer prior to deposition. Most of the film was mechanically peeled away from the polymer, while the remaining film was removed by dissolving the polymer layer away in acetone.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The energy is quantified by comparison to an unreactive reference, and the system can be operated in isochronal ͑constant heating rate͒ or isothermal mode. 20 The time-temperature relationship in an isochronal experiment is given by Eq. ͑1͒:…”

Section: Differential Scanning Calorimetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26 -28,37 With the addition of the Kissinger analysis, the activation energy associated with the transformation can be calculated. Although the analysis was originally derived to describe a limited set of reactions, 38 its applicability has expanded and it is now used for both nucleation and growth, 20,26,27,29,[39][40][41] and grain growth reactions. 28 Different approaches can be used to derive the relationship which claims that for thermally activated reactions there exists a linear dependence between ln(Q/T p 2 ) and 1/T p , where T p is the peak temperature.…”

Section: E Phase Transformation Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic phase transformation in sputter deposited Pt–Mn thin films

Ladwig

Chang

Linville

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physics

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Sputter deposited, equiatomic Pt-Mn thin films used in giant magnetoresistive spin valves are found not to exist in the antiferromagnetic state required for device operation. Therefore, an annealing step is needed to induce a phase transformation from the as-deposited, paramagnetic A1 ͑fcc͒ phase to the antiferromagnetic L1 0 phase. The L1 0 phase is the thermodynamically stable configuration, but favorable kinetics for the transformation were only found above 260°C. The A1 to L1 0 phase transformation was studied by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry ͑DSC͒. The nucleation and growth conditions were evaluated and an exothermic transformation enthalpy of Ϫ12.1 kJ/mol of atoms was determined. The kinetics of the reaction were simulated using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami analysis, where the necessary parameters were determined by the Kissinger and Ozawa methods from constant scanning rate DSC experiments ͓H. Yinnon and D. R. Uhlmann, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 54, 253 ͑1983͔͒. The resulting simulations were compared to DSC data as well as isothermal x-ray peak shift data and a reasonable agreement was obtained.

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“…16 Differential scanning calorimetry ͑DSC͒, combined with other techniques such as transmission electron microscopy ͑TEM͒ and x-ray diffraction ͑XRD͒, can offer both quantitative and qualitative information for the phase transformation in thin films. 20,21 In this study, the phase transformation in PdMn and PdPtMn films was investigated using DSC, XRD, and TEM. The difference in the transformation temperature for PdMn and PdPtMn thin films is discussed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase transformation in sputter-deposited PdMn and PdPtMn thin films

Huang

Chang

2006

Journal of Applied Physics

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The phase transformations of PdMn and PdPtMn films were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry ͑DSC͒, x-ray diffraction ͑XRD͒, and transmission electron microscopy ͑TEM͒. The enthalpy for the fcc to L1 0 transformation in the PdMn and PdPtMn thin films has been measured by DSC as −5.4 and −7.6 kJ/ mol at., respectively. The fcc to L1 0 phase transformation was identified by XRD and TEM on as-deposited and annealed samples. The transition temperature for the PdPtMn is approximately 40°C lower than that for PdMn. PdPtMn thin films have better corrosion resistance than PdMn.

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Investigating the thermodynamics and kinetics of thin film reactions by differential scanning calorimetry

Cited by 177 publications

References 80 publications

DSC study of precipitation in an Al–Mg–Mn alloy microalloyed with Cu

DSC study of precipitation in an Al–Mg–Mn alloy microalloyed with Cu

Paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic phase transformation in sputter deposited Pt–Mn thin films

Phase transformation in sputter-deposited PdMn and PdPtMn thin films

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