Investigating the technical feasibility of various energy carriers for alternative and sustainable overseas energy transport scenarios

Al-Breiki, Mohammed; Biçer, Yusuf

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112652

Cited by 47 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The LCI of the ammonia production system was developed based on primary data from Proton Ventures BV [29] and supplemented with secondary data from the literature [30,31]. The estimation of fugitive emissions during the storage and transport stage was based on the work of Al-Breiki and Bicer [32,33]. The power plant model was based on the operation cycle proposed by Guteša Božo et al [22] that uses a mix of humidified ammonia/hydrogen as fuel (NH 3 is partially cracked to produce a 30/70 H 2 /NH 3 blend).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Ammonia-Based Electricity

Boero

Kardux²,

Ковалева

et al. 2021

Energies

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In recent years, several researchers have studied the potential use of ammonia (NH3) as an energy vector, focused on the techno-economic advantages and challenges for full global deployment. The use of ammonia as fuel is seen as a strategy to support decarbonization; however, to confirm the sustainability of the shift to ammonia as fuel in thermal engines, a study of the environmental profile is needed. This paper aims to assess the environmental life cycle impacts of ammonia-based electricity generated in a combined heat and power cycle for different ammonia production pathways. A cradle-to-gate assessment was developed for both ammonia production and ammonia-based electricity generation. The results show that electrolysis-based ammonia from renewable and nuclear energy have a better profile in terms of global warming potential (0.09–0.70 t CO2-eq/t NH3), fossil depletion potential (3.62–213.56 kg oil-eq/t NH3), and ozone depletion potential (0.001–0.082 g CFC-11-eq/t NH3). In addition, surplus heat for district or industrial applications offsets some of the environmental burden, such as a more than 29% reduction in carbon footprint. In general, ammonia-based combined heat and power production presents a favorable environmental profile, for example, the carbon footprint ranges from −0.480 to 0.003 kg CO2-eq/kWh.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Ammonia-Based Electricity

Boero

Kardux²,

Ковалева

et al. 2021

Energies

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“…Given the compelling nature of hydrogen, the construction of LH2 carriers is of vital importance for future decarbonization strategies, and their design can benefit from existing knowledge on LNG ships. However, the boiling point of LH2 is around 90 • C less than that of LNG, raising several technical challenges since BOR effects on LH2 can be more pronounced and more insulation and reliquefaction infrastructure is required to contain the fuel [12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In conceptual LH2 ship studies, LH2 is assumed to be stored either in prismatic (type A) containers [19,24], spherical (type B) containers [14], or cylindrical (type C) containers [20,23,25,26]. The storage tanks are insulated by vacuum casing [19] or a lowconductivity material such as Polyurethane Foam [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, a recent whitepaper examining the sustainability of hydrogen as a fuel for shipping estimates that two to three times the insulation of a conventional LNG tank is required to appropriately insulate LH2 (equivalent to 1 to 1.6 m of low-conductivity material insulation) [27,28]. As far as BOR in LH2 tanks is concerned, only three conceptual LH2 ship investigations attempt its prediction [14,19,29]. Either experimental observations [29] or thermodynamic models [14,19] are used to relate the heat transfer coefficient through the tank walls to the BOR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As far as BOR in LH2 tanks is concerned, only three conceptual LH2 ship investigations attempt its prediction [14,19,29]. Either experimental observations [29] or thermodynamic models [14,19] are used to relate the heat transfer coefficient through the tank walls to the BOR. In particular, Al-Breiki et al [14] compared the BOR properties of LH2 and other low-carbon fuels to LNG showing that an LH2 ship has a BOR of 1.063%/day while a similar LNG ship has a much lower BOR of 0.1204%/day.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling of Boil-Off and Sloshing Relevant to Future Liquid Hydrogen Carriers

2022

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This study presents an approach for estimating fuel boil-off behaviour in cryogenic energy carrier ships, such as future liquid hydrogen (LH2) carriers. By relying on thermodynamic modelling and empirical formulas for ship motion and propulsion, the approach can be used to investigate boil-off as a function of tank properties, weather conditions, and operating velocities during a laden voyage. The model is first calibrated against data from a liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier and is consequently used to investigate various design configurations of an LH2 ship. Results indicate that an LH2 ship with the same tank volume and glass wool insulation thickness as a conventional LNG carrier stores 40% of the fuel energy and is characterised by a boil-off rate nine times higher and twice as sensitive to sloshing. Adding a reliquefaction unit can reduce the LH2 fuel depletion rate by at least 38.7% but can increase its variability regarding velocity and weather conditions. In calm weather, LH2 boil-off rates can only meet LNG carrier standards by utilising at least 6.6 times the insulation thickness. By adopting fuel cell propulsion in an LH2 ship, a 1.1% increase in fuel delivery is expected. An LH2 ship with fuel cells and reliquefaction is required to be at least 1.7 times larger than an existing LNG carrier to deliver the same energy. Further comparison of alternative scenarios indicates that LH2 carriers necessitate significant redesigns if LNG carrier standards are desired. The present approach can assist future feasibility studies featuring other vessels and propulsion technologies, and can be seen as an extendable framework that can predict boil-off in real-time.

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Energy Efficient Transshipment of Ammonia: A Numerical Study of Various Terminal Concepts

Pfeifer,

Holtz,

Müller

2023

Energy Tech

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For the global transport and trade of hydrogen, ship transport is of central importance. Ammonia is a promising option for this task. In the ammonia molecule, hydrogen is stored through chemical bonding to nitrogen. In comparison to liquid hydrogen, liquid ammonia shows a higher volumetric energy density and shows advantages in terms of handling. To establish ammonia as a global climate‐neutral energy carrier, the production of green ammonia as well as an efficient supply chain plays important factors. Terminals are an essential part of the process chain as they enable the transshipment from ship to land and vice versa. In this study, the efficiency of various ammonia terminal concepts dealing with both pressure‐liquefied and cold‐liquefied green ammonia is targeted. Multiple terminal concepts are analyzed by thermodynamic investigation as well as numerical simulation. The concepts are compared by system behavior as well as electricity and heat demand under typical bunkering scenarios. The analysis of the concepts produces general design criteria for an efficient terminal design. It is shown that an export terminal is most efficient with a multistage expansion. Furthermore, the integration of the pressure tank as a condenser proves to be particularly suitable for an import terminal.

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Investigating the technical feasibility of various energy carriers for alternative and sustainable overseas energy transport scenarios

Cited by 47 publications

References 20 publications

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Ammonia-Based Electricity

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Ammonia-Based Electricity

Modelling of Boil-Off and Sloshing Relevant to Future Liquid Hydrogen Carriers

Energy Efficient Transshipment of Ammonia: A Numerical Study of Various Terminal Concepts

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