“…To overcome this difficulty, some studies have introduced optimization algorithms for investigating the stability of pin-jointed structures, e.g., the genetic algorithm (El-Lishani et al, 2005;Koohestani, 2012Koohestani, , 2013, and the ant colony systems (Chen et al, 2012a,b). These algorithms have powerful heuristic searching ability, however, become inefficient for large-scale structures with a large number of nodes and self-stress states.…”