Investigating the role of lipid genes in liver disease using fatty liver models of alcohol and high fat in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Abstract

BackgroundAccumulation of lipid in the liver is the first hallmark of both alcohol‐related liver disease (ALD) and non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recent studies indicate that specific mutations in lipid genes confer risk and might influence disease progression to irreversible liver cirrhosis. This study aimed to understand the function/s of lipid risk genes driving disease development in zebrafish genetic models of alcohol‐related and non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver.MethodsWe used zebrafish larvae to investigate the effect of alcohol and high fat to model fatty liver and tested the utility of this model to study lipid risk gene functions. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was used to create knockdowns in 5 days post‐fertilisation zebrafish larvae for the available orthologs of human cirrhosis risk genes (pnpla3, faf2, tm6sf2). To establish fatty liver models, larvae were exposed to ethanol and a high‐fat diet (HFD) consisting of chicken egg yolk. Changes in morphology (imaging), survival, liver injury (biochemical tests, histopathology), gene expression (qPCR) and lipid accumulation (dye‐specific live imaging) were analysed across treatment groups to test the functions of these genes.ResultsExposure of 5‐day post‐fertilisation (dpf) WT larvae to 2% ethanol or HFD for 48 h developed measurable hepatic steatosis. CRISPR‐Cas9 genome editing depleted pnpla3, faf2 and tm6sf2 gene expression in these CRISPR knockdown larvae (crispants). Depletion significantly increased the effects of ethanol and HFD toxicity by increasing hepatic steatosis and hepatic neutrophil recruitment ≥2‐fold in all three crispants. Furthermore, ethanol or HFD exposure significantly altered the expression of genes associated with ethanol metabolism (cyp2y3) and lipid metabolism‐related gene expression, including atgl (triglyceride hydrolysis), axox1, echs1 (fatty acid β‐oxidation), fabp10a (transport), hmgcra (metabolism), notch1 (signalling) and srebp1 (lipid synthesis), in all three pnpla3, faf2 and tm6sf2 crispants. Nile Red staining in all three crispants revealed significantly increased lipid droplet size and triglyceride accumulation in the livers following exposure to ethanol or HFD.ConclusionsWe identified roles for pnpla3, faf2 and tm6sf2 genes in triglyceride accumulation and fatty acid oxidation pathways in a zebrafish larvae model of fatty liver.

In Search of a Target Gene for a Desirable Phenotype in Aquaculture: Genome Editing of Cyprinidae and Salmonidae Species

“…Another approach to modeling is to simulate the symptoms of the target disease through mutations in genes with known function. Individuals and lines have been created that exhibit analogs of human somatic diseases such as cataract [ 49 , 50 ], myopia [ 51 ], exfoliative syndrome [ 52 ], retinal dysfunction [ 53 , 54 ], congenital heart defect [ 55 ], cardiac hypertrophy [ 56 ], dilated cardiomyopathy [ 57 ], arrhythmia [ 58 ], autoinflammatory syndrome [ 59 ], metabolic syndrome [ 60 ], diabetes and obesity [ 61 ], tuberculosis [ 62 ], thrombocytopenia [ 63 ], pediatric intestinal pseudoobstruction [ 64 ], pediatric cirrhosis [ 65 ], congenital hypothyroidism [ 66 ], fatty or alcoholic hepatosis [ 67 ], and scoliosis [ 68 , 69 ]. Genome editing has been used to model human tumors such as liver cancer [ 70 ], paraganglioma [ 71 ], skin melanoma [ 72 ], and epithelioid sarcoma [ 73 ].…”