Abstract:Blast Engineering research group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, university of Southampton, uK. ABStrACt typically defined by positive pressure durations over 100ms, long-duration blasts can generate dynamic pressures (blast winds) capable of exerting damaging drag loads on slender structural elements such as columns. With limited availability of appropriate drag coefficients for specific structural geometries or different section orientations, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can provide a valu… Show more
“…TNT material was specified at the tip of the wedge domain containing elements of atmospheric air, such that the explosion and resulting shockwave propagated towards the open end (Figure 3). An ‘outflow’ boundary condition was assigned to the distal end to allow air to exit after being accelerated by the shock wave, although the simulation was terminated before end expansion waves had reached the gauge location.Figure 3.1D model of the detonation and early-stage blast propagation assuming a spherical free-air detonation (Denny and Clubley, 2019b). (a) Assumed free-air spherical detonation, (b) 1D wedge domain schematic.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1D model of the detonation and early-stage blast propagation assuming a spherical free-air detonation (Denny and Clubley, 2019b). (a) Assumed free-air spherical detonation, (b) 1D wedge domain schematic.…”
Explosions increasingly occur in densely populated, urban locations. Primary blast injuries (PBIs), caused by exposure to blast wave overpressure, can be predicted using injury criteria, although many are based on idealised loading scenarios that do not necessarily reflect real life situations. At present, there is limited understanding of how, and to what extent, blast-structure interaction influences injury risk, and the suitability of injury criteria that assume idealised loading. This work employed computational fluid dynamics to investigate the influence of blast interaction effects such as shielding and channelling on blast load characteristics and predicted PBIs. The validated modelling showed that blast interaction with common urban features like walls and corners resulted in complex waveforms featuring multiple peaks and less clearly defined durations, and that these alter potential injury risk maps. For example, blast shielding due to corners reduced peak overpressures by 43%–60% at locations behind the corner. However, when the urban layout included a corner and a wall structure, higher pressures and impulse due to channelling were observed. The channelling significantly increased the injury risk at the exposed location and reduced the shielding effects behind the corner. In these cases, the application and interpretation of existing injury criteria had several limitations and reduced reliability. This demonstrates that structural-blast interaction from common urban layouts has a significant effect on PBI risk. Specific challenges and further work to develop understanding and reliability of injury prediction for urban blast scenarios are discussed.
“…TNT material was specified at the tip of the wedge domain containing elements of atmospheric air, such that the explosion and resulting shockwave propagated towards the open end (Figure 3). An ‘outflow’ boundary condition was assigned to the distal end to allow air to exit after being accelerated by the shock wave, although the simulation was terminated before end expansion waves had reached the gauge location.Figure 3.1D model of the detonation and early-stage blast propagation assuming a spherical free-air detonation (Denny and Clubley, 2019b). (a) Assumed free-air spherical detonation, (b) 1D wedge domain schematic.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1D model of the detonation and early-stage blast propagation assuming a spherical free-air detonation (Denny and Clubley, 2019b). (a) Assumed free-air spherical detonation, (b) 1D wedge domain schematic.…”
Explosions increasingly occur in densely populated, urban locations. Primary blast injuries (PBIs), caused by exposure to blast wave overpressure, can be predicted using injury criteria, although many are based on idealised loading scenarios that do not necessarily reflect real life situations. At present, there is limited understanding of how, and to what extent, blast-structure interaction influences injury risk, and the suitability of injury criteria that assume idealised loading. This work employed computational fluid dynamics to investigate the influence of blast interaction effects such as shielding and channelling on blast load characteristics and predicted PBIs. The validated modelling showed that blast interaction with common urban features like walls and corners resulted in complex waveforms featuring multiple peaks and less clearly defined durations, and that these alter potential injury risk maps. For example, blast shielding due to corners reduced peak overpressures by 43%–60% at locations behind the corner. However, when the urban layout included a corner and a wall structure, higher pressures and impulse due to channelling were observed. The channelling significantly increased the injury risk at the exposed location and reduced the shielding effects behind the corner. In these cases, the application and interpretation of existing injury criteria had several limitations and reduced reliability. This demonstrates that structural-blast interaction from common urban layouts has a significant effect on PBI risk. Specific challenges and further work to develop understanding and reliability of injury prediction for urban blast scenarios are discussed.
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