Investigating the potential of sustainable use of green silica in the green tire industry: a review

Shoul, Behnaz; Marfavi, Yousef; Sadeghi, Behzad; Kowsari, Elaheh; Sadeghi, Peyman; Ramakrishna, Seeram

doi:10.1007/s11356-022-20894-8

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…In this regard, green tires have been developed and these tires, in addition to having low rolling resistance had a suitable wet grip. The optimum formulation is a compound made of silica as the main filler and an SSBR copolymer with high vinyl content as the main rubber and silane coupling agents 5 . In these compounds, sedimentary silica is partially or completely replaced by carbon black and is used as a filler to produce high‐performance car tires.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of TESPT on viscoelastic and mechanical properties with the morphology of SSBR/BR hybrid nanocomposites

Barghamadi

Karrabi

Ghoreishy

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this study, the various properties of hybrid nanocomposite based on solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR)/butadiene rubber (BR) have been investigated. For this purpose, SSBR/BR rubber blend with nano‐silica and carbon black (CB) in constant filler content (60 phr) with and without Bis (triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) silane coupling agent was fabricated. The various properties, including curing behavior, morphology, dynamic–mechanical, and dissipation characteristics, were studied. For this objective, rheometry, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tensile test, and Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) were used. The results of rheometry illustrated that the addition of nano‐silica increased the optimum cure time (t90) and declined the cure rate index (CRI). However, the addition of surface‐modified silica improved the t90 and CRI. Replacing nano‐silica with CB also reduced the scorch and optimum cure time. TEM and SEM micrographs showed the good dispersion state of nano‐silica in the SSBR/BR/nano‐silica/TESPT matrix. According to the mechanical test data, including tensile, hardness, and abrasion, the addition of hybrid filler containing 40 phr modified nano‐silica and 20 phr CB improved properties. The results of DMTA illustrated the appropriate compatibility between blend phases, also an increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg) and storage modulus (E′) for the samples containing higher amounts of CB. Considering the importance of the damping factor at temperatures of −20, 0, and 60°C, which is related to ice grip, wet grip, and rolling resistance, respectively, the TSi40CB20 sample showed the essential properties of the magic triangle better than other samples. Dissipative properties also revealed that by increasing the filler content and replacing nano‐silica with CB, the dissipation of the compound increases significantly. According to the results, the optimum amount of nano‐silica and CB in the SSBR/BR/TESPT was 40 and 20 phr, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of TESPT on viscoelastic and mechanical properties with the morphology of SSBR/BR hybrid nanocomposites

Barghamadi

Karrabi

Ghoreishy

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…With the increase in car ownership, the demand for tires is growing rapidly every year [ 1 , 2 ]. Rubber composite is widely used in the tire industry for its excellent comprehensive performance and processing performance [ 3 , 4 ]. In order to meet the requirements of tire use, rubber compounds need to be prepared with a variety of reinforcing fillers to improve their performance [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Mechanism and Experiment of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Reinforcement by Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst

et al. 2023

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Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Catalyst is a major waste in the field of the petroleum processing field, with a large output and serious pollution. The treatment cost of these waste catalysts is high, and how to achieve their efficient reuse has become a key topic of research at home and abroad. To this end, this paper conducted a mechanistic and experimental study on the replacement of some carbon blacks by spent FCC catalysts for the preparation of rubber products and explored the synergistic reinforcing effect of spent catalysts and carbon blacks, in order to extend the reuse methods of spent catalysts and reduce the pollution caused by them to the environment. The experimental results demonstrated that the filler dispersion and distribution in the compound are more uniform after replacing the carbon black with modified spent FCC catalysts. The crosslinking density of rubber increases, the Payne effect is decreased, and the dynamic mechanical properties and aging resistance are improved. When the number of replacement parts reached 15, the comprehensive performance of the rubber composites remained the same as that of the control group. In this paper, the spent FCC catalysts modified by the physical method instead of the carbon-black-filled SBR can not only improve the performance of rubber products, but also can provide basic technical and theoretical support to realize the recycling of spent FCC catalysts and reduce the environmental pressure. The feasibility of preparing rubber composites by spent catalysts is also verified.

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“…With uncontrolled environmental variations, attention has been diverted toward the synthesis of eco-friendly and sustainable materials. In this regard, green tires 1,2 get a lot of attention. Green tires are tires that increase fuel efficiency and reduce energy consumption by improving tread rubber properties, reducing rolling resistance 3 and improving wet skid resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive grafting of hydroxyethyl acrylate in styrene butadiene rubber: Characterization and its effect on silica reinforced tire composites

Liu

Hua

2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) was grafted onto styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) macromolecular chain by melt grafting method. Grafted structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1 H spectra of nuclear magnetic resonance. In addition, the SBR-g-HEA/silica composites have been studied for their improved filler dispersion through hydrogen bonding interaction at the SBR/silica interface. SBR molecular chains and the silica interface was enhanced through coupling interaction at the hydroxyl modified SBR/ silica, at the same time. scanning electron microscope image of the cryo fractured surface of different SBR/silica composites and reduced Payne effect of rubber compound confirmed the silica particles have an even dispersion throughout the SBR matrix. The dynamic curves indicated the highest efficacy for wet and dry traction performances of SBR-g-HEA/silica composites comparing to unmodified reference sample. Meanwhile, the preparation of the composite does not need to add silane coupling agent to increase the capacity, there will be no volatile organic compounds produced by silanization reaction.Owing to the good properties such reduced energy and increased fuel efficiency, the SBR-g-HEA is an ideal eco-friendly material for green tire tread.

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Investigating the potential of sustainable use of green silica in the green tire industry: a review

Cited by 16 publications

References 137 publications

Effect of TESPT on viscoelastic and mechanical properties with the morphology of SSBR/BR hybrid nanocomposites

Effect of TESPT on viscoelastic and mechanical properties with the morphology of SSBR/BR hybrid nanocomposites

Study on the Mechanism and Experiment of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Reinforcement by Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst

Reactive grafting of hydroxyethyl acrylate in styrene butadiene rubber: Characterization and its effect on silica reinforced tire composites

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