Investigating the Functioning of a Middle Category by Means of a Mixed-Measurement Model.

Hernández, Ana; Drasgow, Fritz; González-Romá, Vicente

doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.687

Cited by 56 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Our mixed Rasch analyses resulted in two classes that clearly differed systematically in their use of the middle category. One of these classes had ordered thresholds and the other had reversed thresholds (see also Hernández, Drasgow, & González-Romá, 2004). In this case, collapsing the middle category with another category as advocated, for example, by Rost et al (1999) does not solve the problem but only mixes respondents who chose the middle category for other reasons with "regular" responders who endorsed the middle category because it accurately reflects their standing on the latent trait, thereby deteriorating trait estimation for these respondents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversed Thresholds in Partial Credit Models

Wetzel

Carstensen

2014

Assessment

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ArticleOrdered rating scales are widely used in the assessment of personality, attitudes, and other latent variables. For example, in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992), participants respond on a 5-point Likert-type scale with the options strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, and strongly agree. Another example for an ordered rating scale is the response categories never, sometimes, often, and always. With ordered rating scales the underlying assumption is that endorsing a higher response category implies a higher trait level.Models in the framework of item response theory (IRT) such as the Rasch model (Rasch, 1960) for dichotomous items or the partial credit model (PCM;Masters, 1982) for polytomous items define the probability of a response in a certain category as a function of the respondent's latent trait level and item characteristics. In the Rasch model, only one item parameter is estimated, namely, the difficulty of the item. In modeling responses from ordered rating scales according to the PCM, the "difficulty" of each of the response categories needs to be taken into account. This is done using threshold parameters that are defined as the point on the latent trait continuum where the response probability for two adjacent response categories is equal. Thus, for a 5-point scale, we have four threshold parameters. To illustrate, Figure 1A shows category probability curves for an item with a 5-point scale. These curves represent the probability of endorsing each of the five categories conditional on the latent trait level depicted on the x-axis. The four thresholds are included as perpendicular lines. Threshold 1, which is the threshold between the categories strongly disagree and disagree, is located at about −2.9 logits. Thus, respondents with trait levels of exactly −2.9 have equal probabilities of endorsing strongly disagree and disagree. Respondents with trait levels below −2.9 have the highest probability of endorsing strongly disagree, whereas respondents with trait levels above −2.9 to −0.8 (where threshold 2 is located) have the highest probability of endorsing disagree. This definition and interpretation of threshold parameters also holds for extensions of the PCM to two-parameter logistic models such as the generalized PCM (GPCM; Muraki, 1992). In the Rasch model and the PCM, it is assumed that all items have the same item discrimination. Two-parameter logistic models for dichotomous or polytomous items (e.g., GPCM) relax this assumption and estimate a discrimination parameter for each item in addition to the difficulty (threshold) parameters. While most of the following discussion will focus on the one-parameter PCM, some of the analyses will also be reported for the GPCM to show that the results generalize to models with more than one parameter. AbstractWhen questionnaire data with an ordered polytomous response format are analyzed in the framework of item response theory using the partial credit model or the generalized partial credit model, revers...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversed Thresholds in Partial Credit Models

Wetzel

Carstensen

2014

Assessment

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“…In these analyses, one may discover that the latent and manifest classes are not the same. Recently, several researchers have begun to use these models to examine organizational phenomena such as dishonest responding on personality inventories (Zickar, Gibby, & Robie, 2004) and the use of the middle response category on organizational surveys (Hernández, Drasgow, & González-Romá, 2004). The results of these studies indicate that these models have the potential to contribute to a number of areas of organizational research.…”

Section: Additional Directions For the Use Of Item Response Theory Inmentioning

confidence: 98%

Applications of item response theory to measurement issues in leadership research

Scherbaum¹,

Finlinson²,

Barden³

et al. 2006

The Leadership Quarterly

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“…Agreement on which barriers to innovation apply was measured by assessing if project managers agreed, disagreed, or had a neutral opinion on the presence of a barrier in their innovation process. Because the study represents only eight cases, and interviewees tend to not select extreme values due to personality factors (Hernández et al, 2004), we choose to only take these three values into account.…”

Section: Barriers To Innovationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers to innovation within large financial services firms

Das

Verburg

Verbraeck

et al. 2018

EJIM

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Purpose Since the 2008 financial crisis, the financial industry is in need of innovation to increase stability and improve quality of services. The purpose of this paper is to explore internal barriers that influence the effectiveness of projects within large financial services firms focussing on potentially disruptive and radical innovations. While literature has generally focused on barriers within traditional technology and manufacturing firms, few researchers have identified barriers for these type of firms. Design/methodology/approach A framework of internal barriers was developed and validated by means of an explorative case study. Data were collected at a European bank by exploring how innovation is organized and what barriers influence effectiveness of eight innovation projects. Findings Six items were identified as key barrier for potentially disruptive and radical innovations (e.g. traditional risk-avoidance focus, and inertia caused by systems architecture). As such, in the sample these were more important than traditionally defined barriers such as sources of finance, and lacking exploration competences. Research limitations/implications Based on a small number of projects within one firm, the results highlight the need for more in-depth research on the effects of barriers and how barriers can be overcome within this industry. Originality/value The results show that there is a discrepancy between the societal demand for radical change within the financial industry and the ability of large financial services firms to innovate. The study identifies which unique internal barriers hamper potentially disruptive and radical innovation in large financial services firms.

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Investigating the Functioning of a Middle Category by Means of a Mixed-Measurement Model.

Cited by 56 publications

References 35 publications

Reversed Thresholds in Partial Credit Models

Reversed Thresholds in Partial Credit Models

Applications of item response theory to measurement issues in leadership research

Barriers to innovation within large financial services firms

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