Investigating the form-function interface in African apes: Relationships between principal moments of area and positional behaviors in femoral and humeral diaphyses

Carlson, Kristian J.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.20124

Cited by 89 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…One possible explanation proposed by Carlson et al (in press) focused on the fact that chimpanzees tend to exhibit greater ML rigidity relative to AP rigidity throughout the femoral diaphysis, with a less consistent disparity present in the humeral diaphysis (Carlson, 2002(Carlson, , 2005.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variation in the appropriate thresholds for different bones was minor following these criteria. Once a VOI was rendered, it was aligned in virtual space using the same criteria as previous studies that aligned physical specimens in CT scanners (Carlson, 2005;Carlson et al, 2006, in press;Ruff, 2002 and a modified version of the SLICE program (Nagurka and Hayes, 1980).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shape variation in select regions of African ape femoral and humeral diaphyses is associated with reported frequencies of arboreal locomotion (Carlson, 2002(Carlson, , 2005. More evenly distributed bone mass in a cross section (i.e., more circular shape) has been correlated with increased percentage of arboreal locomotion, while more elliptical cross sections have been correlated with increased percentage of terrestrial locomotion (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More evenly distributed bone mass in a cross section (i.e., more circular shape) has been correlated with increased percentage of arboreal locomotion, while more elliptical cross sections have been correlated with increased percentage of terrestrial locomotion (Figure 1). Frequencies of specific locomotor behaviors in a behavioral repertoire, however, have not been linked to diaphyseal shapes in a similarly straightforward fashion, whether using a museum collection sample (Carlson, 2005) or a small sample of free-ranging chimpanzees .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cross-sectional geometric properties, as one means of quantifying in vivo adjustment, are frequently used in functional comparisons of human and non-human primate postcrania (Burr et al, 1982(Burr et al, , 1989Carlson, 2002Carlson, , 2005Carlson et al, 2006, in press;Jungers, 1989, 1993;Demes et al, 1991;Jungers et al, 1998, Ohman, 1993Polk et al, 2000;Ruff, 1987Ruff, , 1989Ruff, , 2002Ruff and Runestad, 1992;Schaffler et al, 1985;Stock and Pfeiffer, 2001;Sumner and Andriacchi, 1996;Sumner et al, 1989;Terranova, 1995a, b;Yamanaka et al, 2005). Efforts to quantify bone deformation during quadrupedal locomotion indicate the importance of using caution when inferring locomotor performance from crosssectional properties alone (Demes et al, 1998(Demes et al, , 2001Lieberman et al, 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Comparisons of Limb Structural Properties in Free-ranging Chimpanzees from Kibale, Gombe, Mahale, and Taï Communities

Carlson

Wrangham²,

Muller³

et al. 2010

Primate Locomotion

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Structural characteristics of limbs bones provide insight into how an animal dynamically loads its limbs during life. Cause-and-effect relationships between loading and the osteogenic response it elicits are complex. In spite of such complexities, cross-sectional geometric properties can be useful indicators of locomotor repertoires. Typical comparisons use primates that are distinguished by broad habitual locomotor differences, usually with samples garnered from several museum collections. Intraspecific variability is difficult to investigate in such samples because behavior or life histories, which are tools for interpreting intraspecific variability, are limited. Clearly intraspecific variation both in morphology and behavior/life history exists. Here we expand an ongoing effort towards understanding intraspecific variation Keywords: cross-sectional geometry, functional morphology, Pan troglodytes, locomotor behavior 2 Functional morphologists rely on comparative approaches as well as experimental techniques in the laboratory (i.e., kinetics, kinematics, electromyography, strain analysis) in order to understand form-function relationships in the postcranium of animals. Shared or unique components of activity patterns provide a framework against which morphological commonalities or differences are evaluated. Often times, comparative studies construct samples from specimens of museum collections (Green et al., 2007;Haeusler and McHenry, 2007;Marchi, 2007;Ruff, 2002Ruff, , 2008. While museum specimens may be numerous and accessibletwo criteria necessary for amassing large samples that rigorous statistical analyses favor -they also necessitate a seldom-appreciated tradeoff, namely, that while behavior and life history may vary among group individuals, this variation must be ignored in order to compare groups.Clearly, however, individuals within populations can vary substantially in behavioral or life history variables (Goodall, 1986;Hunt, 1992), which may in turn contribute to intragroup variability in morphological characteristics and reproductive fitness.Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) offer a unique opportunity among animals to address functional morphology questions. Observational studies of free-ranging chimpanzee communities provide a detailed portrait of individual life histories (Boesch and BoeschAchermann, 2000;Goodall, 1986; Morbeck, 1999; Nishida, 1990; Morbeck et al., 2002).Studies encompassing the last 45 years at several locations [i.e., Gombe Stream National Reserve (Tanzania), Kibale National Park (Uganda), Mahale Mountains National Park (Tanzania), and Taï Forest National Park (Côte d'Ivoire)] document activity profiles of female and male chimpanzees of all ages in all sorts of situations or settings. Skeletal collections have slowly accumulated in the same communities, and thus frequently, individual specimens can be associated with contextual information, e.g., life history, activity, and habitat data. Such a 3 sample is ideal for investigating form-function relationships in the primate p...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparisons of Limb Structural Properties in Free-ranging Chimpanzees from Kibale, Gombe, Mahale, and Taï Communities

Carlson

Wrangham²,

Muller³

et al. 2010

Primate Locomotion

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Who's afraid of the big bad Wolff?: “Wolff's law” and bone functional adaptation

Ruff

Holt

Trinkaus

2006

American J Phys Anthropol

768

620

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"Wolff's law" is a concept that has sometimes been misrepresented, and frequently misunderstood, in the anthropological literature. Although it was originally formulated in a strict mathematical sense that has since been discredited, the more general concept of "bone functional adaptation" to mechanical loading (a designation that should probably replace "Wolff's law") is supported by much experimental and observational data. Objections raised to earlier studies of bone functional adaptation have largely been addressed by more recent and better-controlled studies. While the bone morphological response to mechanical strains is reduced in adults relative to juveniles, claims that adult morphology reflects only juvenile loadings are greatly exaggerated. Similarly, while there are important genetic influences on bone development and on the nature of bone's response to mechanical loading, variations in loadings themselves are equally if not more important in determining variations in morphology, especially in comparisons between closely related individuals or species. The correspondence between bone strain patterns and bone structure is variable, depending on skeletal location and the general mechanical environment (e.g., distal vs. proximal limb elements, cursorial vs. noncursorial animals), so that mechanical/behavioral inferences based on structure alone should be limited to corresponding skeletal regions and animals with similar basic mechanical designs. Within such comparisons, traditional geometric parameters (such as second moments of area and section moduli) still give the best available estimates of in vivo mechanical competence. Thus, when employed with appropriate caution, these features may be used to reconstruct mechanical loadings and behavioral differences within and between past populations.

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Orangutan positional behavior and the nature of arboreal locomotion in Hominoidea

Thorpe

Crompton

2006

American J Phys Anthropol

241

337

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The Asian apes, more than any other, are restricted to an arboreal habitat. They are consequently an important model in the interpretation of the morphological commonalities of the apes, which are locomotor features associated with arboreal living. This paper presents a detailed analysis of orangutan positional behavior for all age-sex categories and during a complete range of behavioral contexts, following standardized positional mode descriptions proposed by Hunt et al. ([1996] Primates 37:363-387). This paper shows that orangutan positional behavior is highly complex, representing a diverse spectrum of positional modes. Overall, all orthograde and pronograde suspensory postures are exhibited less frequently in the present study than previously reported. Orthograde suspensory locomotion is also exhibited less often, whereas pronograde and orthograde compressive locomotor modes are observed more frequently. Given the complexity of orangutan positional behavior demonstrated by this study, it is likely that differences in positional behavior between studies reflect differences in the interplay between the complex array of variables, which were shown to influence orangutan positional behavior (Thorpe and Crompton 2005 Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 127:58-78). With the exception of pronograde suspensory posture and locomotion, orangutan positional behavior is similar to that of the African apes, and in particular, lowland gorillas. This study suggests that it is orthogrady in general, rather than forelimb suspend specifically, that characterizes the positional behavior of hominoids.

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Investigating the form-function interface in African apes: Relationships between principal moments of area and positional behaviors in femoral and humeral diaphyses

Cited by 89 publications

References 127 publications

Comparisons of Limb Structural Properties in Free-ranging Chimpanzees from Kibale, Gombe, Mahale, and Taï Communities

Comparisons of Limb Structural Properties in Free-ranging Chimpanzees from Kibale, Gombe, Mahale, and Taï Communities

Who's afraid of the big bad Wolff?: “Wolff's law” and bone functional adaptation

Orangutan positional behavior and the nature of arboreal locomotion in Hominoidea

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