Investigating the environmental impacts of different direct material recycling and battery remanufacturing technologies on two types of retired lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles in China

Chen, Quanwei; Lai, Xin; Hou, Yukun; Gu, Huanghui; Lu, Languang; Liu, Xiang; Ren, Dongsheng; Guo, Yi; Zheng, Yuejiu

doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122966

Cited by 26 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…As an environmentally benign energy storage device, aqueous rechargeable alkaline battery has attracted widespread interest due to the retained advantages over Li-ion battery and supercapacitor. − However, the deficiencies of high-performance anode materials result in the limited energy density and unsatisfied long-term durability of rechargeable alkaline batteries . Therefore, rationally exploiting and designing advanced anode materials with superior specific capacity and high stability is urgently needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Structural Self-Optimization and Oxygen Vacancy Creation to Boost the Stability of Bi-MOF Derived Bi₂O₃@C and BiOCl@C Anodes

Ma,

Tang,

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Metal oxides are promising alkaline battery electrodes with high theoretical capacity, but the low energy density and poor stability make them far away from actual application. Herein, single Bi-MOF derived ultrastable Bi 2 O 3 @C and BiOCl@C anodes are architected via a two-for-one manner. Specifically, optimal Bi 2 O 3 @C anode with hierarchical and porous structure delivers high specific capacity (278.3 mAh g −1 at 1 A g −1 ) owing to the exposed electrochemical active sites, fast charge transfer, and efficient ion diffusion. More importantly, ultrahigh stability (110%, 5000 cycles) is achieved due to the in situ morphological self-optimization and oxygen vacancy creation. Similarly, BiOCl@C anode also displays remarkable capacity and ultralong cycling stability (94%, 15000 cycles) due to the conductive and protective carbon layer, abundant reactive centers, and ion transport channels. Moreover, the in situ phase transition of BiOCl to Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 also contributes to the outstanding stability. Our work provides rational guidance for architecting high capacitive and ultrastable anodes for aqueous rechargeable alkaline battery.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Structural Self-Optimization and Oxygen Vacancy Creation to Boost the Stability of Bi-MOF Derived Bi₂O₃@C and BiOCl@C Anodes

Ma,

Tang,

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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“…If not treated, discarded lithium‐ion batteries will have the risk of short circuits, fires, and even explosions. [ 14 ] Zhang, et al regenerated LiFePO 4 by preoxidation and reduction method, and the initial discharge specific capacity of regenerated LiFePO 4 /C was 145.51 mAh g −1 at 0.5 C, providing a new inspiration for the high‐value recycling and regeneration of the other scrapped lithium‐ion batteries. [ 15 ] Liu et al reported a new approach to regenerate LiFePO 4 , where a low‐temperature molten salt process is coupled with a reductive environment to suppress oxidation of Fe(II), and the regenerated LFP delivers a specific capacity of 145 mAh g −1 at 0.5 C. [ 16 ] Wang et al reported a one‐pot mechanochemical process that integrates the recycling and preparation of LiFePO 4 to drive the rapid regeneration of spent LiFePO 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regeneration of Black Powders of Waste Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Produced by Large‐Scale Industrialization

Jiang,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

Energy Tech

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Because the waste battery materials in the industry usually come from a rough shredding process, the most available waste battery materials consist of both cathode and anode materials. However, the separate recycling of waste cathode and anode materials requires a significant investment of time and manpower. Investigation on the rational disposal of mixed cathode/anode materials is in great need for the large‐scale recycling of spent lithium‐ion batteries. Taking the mixed materials of waste LiFePO4 cathode and graphite anode as the research object, this article puts forward a simple solid‐state method to effectively solve the problems in waste LiFePO4 materials such as structural defects, lithium site loss, and poor conductivity. By optimizing the concentration of the reducing agent and lithium supplement agent, the optimal regeneration condition for material is obtained. Ultimately, the obtained LiFePO4 material achieves efficient electrochemical performances. The first‐round capacity reaches 132 mAh g−1, accounting 84.6% of the new material (0.05 C). After 100 cycles in 1 C, the capacity remains at 99%, exhibiting good cycling stability. The total cost of the regenerated LiFePO4 material has been calculated to be only 41.2% of the new material cost. This work provides new ideas for the regeneration of waste LiFePO4 material by large‐scale industrialization.

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“…Currently, NCM batteries are extensively applied in EVs due to their high theoretical energy density and acceptable cost, and a large number of spent NCM cathodes urgently need to be recycled. , Based on our previous study where cheap glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) was employed as reductant for recycling spent LiCoO 2 cathode through carbothermic reduction, a novel carbothermic reduction strategy for selective extraction of Li and sustainable recovery of high-value metals from spent NCM cathode is proposed. In addition, two different recycling routes were investigated based on the differences in product properties between high-temperature roasting and low-temperature roasting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Lithium Extraction and Recycling of High-Value Metals from Spent LiNi_xCo_yMn_1–x–yO₂ Cathode Materials

Zhang,

Xu,

Zhu

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The diversification of metal elements with similar physicochemical characteristics in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) results in great challenges in the recycling of spent LIBs. Aiming at eco-friendly, efficient, and industrial-applicable recycling, we propose a novel carbothermic reduction strategy for selective extraction of lithium and sustainable recovery of highvalue metals from spent LiNi x Co y Mn 1−x−y O 2 (NCM) cathode. The reduction mechanism and phase structure evolution of spent NCM revealed that the spent NCM microspheres are converted into multicomponent particles of water-soluble lithium salts (Li 2 CO 3 and Li 2 O) and water-insoluble M or MO (M = Ni, Co, Mn) after carbothermic reduction. Depending on the different properties of the reduced products, two different recycling routes were proposed based on disparate roasting temperatures. In the low-temperature route, 96.6% of Li can be selectively leached out by using water as the only leaching reagent after roasting at 550 °C for 1 h. For the high-temperature route, 98.1% of Li is selectively extracted by water leaching; after that, wet-magnetic separation was employed to collect transition metals depending on the magnetic differences of the product. In particular, the whole process is simple and eco-friendly and has no other chemical consumption. This work provides two efficient and environmentally friendly ways of recycling spent LIBs based on selective lithium extraction.

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Investigating the environmental impacts of different direct material recycling and battery remanufacturing technologies on two types of retired lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles in China

Cited by 26 publications

References 50 publications

In Situ Structural Self-Optimization and Oxygen Vacancy Creation to Boost the Stability of Bi-MOF Derived Bi₂O₃@C and BiOCl@C Anodes

In Situ Structural Self-Optimization and Oxygen Vacancy Creation to Boost the Stability of Bi-MOF Derived Bi₂O₃@C and BiOCl@C Anodes

Regeneration of Black Powders of Waste Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Produced by Large‐Scale Industrialization

Selective Lithium Extraction and Recycling of High-Value Metals from Spent LiNi_xCo_yMn_1–x–yO₂ Cathode Materials

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Investigating the environmental impacts of different direct material recycling and battery remanufacturing technologies on two types of retired lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles in China

Cited by 26 publications

References 50 publications

In Situ Structural Self-Optimization and Oxygen Vacancy Creation to Boost the Stability of Bi-MOF Derived Bi2O3@C and BiOCl@C Anodes

In Situ Structural Self-Optimization and Oxygen Vacancy Creation to Boost the Stability of Bi-MOF Derived Bi2O3@C and BiOCl@C Anodes

Regeneration of Black Powders of Waste Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Produced by Large‐Scale Industrialization

Selective Lithium Extraction and Recycling of High-Value Metals from Spent LiNixCoyMn1–x–yO2 Cathode Materials

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Product

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In Situ Structural Self-Optimization and Oxygen Vacancy Creation to Boost the Stability of Bi-MOF Derived Bi₂O₃@C and BiOCl@C Anodes

In Situ Structural Self-Optimization and Oxygen Vacancy Creation to Boost the Stability of Bi-MOF Derived Bi₂O₃@C and BiOCl@C Anodes

Selective Lithium Extraction and Recycling of High-Value Metals from Spent LiNi_xCo_yMn_1–x–yO₂ Cathode Materials