Investigating the electromagnetic side channel leakage from a Raspberry Pi

Frieslaar, Ibraheem; Irwin, Barry

doi:10.1109/issa.2017.8251771

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The AES algorithm is more effective compared to DES and can process larger block sizes of plaintext with low power dissipation and fast processing time. The AES has a higher potential for implementation in IoT systems [204,220,221], especially in sensor-based applications. However, the AES implementation is still vulnerable to SCA, particularly the CEMA attack [107,222,223].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Literature Review of EM-SCA Attacks on Encryption

Zunaidi,

Sayakkara,

Scanlon

2024

Preprint

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Cryptography has become an essential tool in information security, preserving data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. However, despite rigorous analysis, cryptographic algorithms may still be susceptible to attack when used on real-world devices. Side-channel attacks (SCAs) are physical attacks that target cryptographic equipment through quantifiable phenomena such as power consumption, operational times, and EM radiation. These attacks are considered to be a significant threat to cryptography since they compromise the integrity of the algorithm by obtaining the internal cryptographic key of a device by seeing its physical implementation. The literature on SCAs has focused on real-world devices, yet with the growing popularity of sophisticated devices like smartphones, fresh approaches to SCAs are necessary. One such approach is electromagnetic side-channel analysis (EM-SCA), which gathers information by listening to electromagnetic (EM) radiation. EM-SCA has been demonstrated to recover sensitive data like encryption keys and has the potential to identify malicious software, retrieve data, and identify program activity. This study aims to evaluate how well EM-SCA compromises encryption under various application scenarios, as well as examine the role of EM-SCA in digital forensics and law enforcement. Regarding this, addressing the susceptibility of encryption algorithms to EM-SCA approaches can provide digital forensic investigators with the tools they desire to overcome the challenges posed by strong encryption, allowing them to continue playing a crucial role in law enforcement and the justice system. Furthermore, this paper seeks to define the current state of EM-SCA in terms of attacking encryption, the encryption algorithms and encrypted devices that are most vulnerable and resistant to EM-SCA, and the most promising EM-SCA on encryption approaches. This study will provide a comprehensive analysis of EM-SCA in the context of law enforcement and digital forensics and point towards potential directions for further research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Literature Review of EM-SCA Attacks on Encryption

Zunaidi,

Sayakkara,

Scanlon

2024

Preprint

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“…Although, the same sequence of operations was performed, different EM patterns were being recorded. The research noted that this was due to the Raspberry Pi's CPU and power management setup [51]. More information relating to this will be discussed later in this section.…”

Section: Em Leakagementioning

confidence: 98%

Developing an Electromagnetic Noise Generator to Protect a Raspberry PI from Side Channel Analysis

Frieslaar

Irwin

2018

SAIEE Afr. Res. J.

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This research investigates the Electromagnetic (EM) side channel leakage of a Raspberry Pi 2 B+. An evaluation is performed on the EM leakage as the device executes the AES-128 cryptographic algorithm contained in the libcrypto++ library in a threaded environment. Four multi-threaded implementations are evaluated. These implementations are Portable Operating System Interface Threads, C++11 threads, Threading Building Blocks, and OpenMP threads. It is demonstrated that the various thread techniques have distinct variations in frequency and shape as EM emanations are leaked from the Raspberry Pi. It is demonstrated that the AES-128 cryptographic implementation within the libcrypto++ library on a Raspberry Pi is vulnerable to Side Channel Analysis (SCA) attacks. The cryptographic process was seen visibly within the EM spectrum and the data for this process was extracted where digital filtering techniques was applied to the signal. The resultant data was utilised in the Differential Electromagnetic Analysis (DEMA) attack and the results revealed 16 sub-keys that are required to recover the full AES-128 secret key. Based on this discovery, this research introduced a multi-threading approach with the utilisation of Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) to serve as a software based countermeasure to mitigate SCA attacks. The proposed countermeasure known as the FRIES noise generator executed as a Daemon and generated EM noise that was able to hide the cryptographic implementations and prevent the DEMA attack and other statistical analysis.

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“…As the radiation efficiency of video information of computer becomes relatively higher, electromagnetic radiation signals are easier to receive, and video information becomes the most easily intercepted and reproduced red information in a computer system. Video reduction is also evolving towards portability in the current days [5][6][7]. Due to the influence of the electromagnetic environment, equipment noise and other factors during the process of video information receiving and reduction, the introduction noise and fluctuation of video signal line and field signal will inevitably lead to the blur and drift of video information received.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on the algorithm of electromagnetic leakage reduction and sequence of image migration feature retrieval

Miao

2019

J Image Video Proc.

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When the computer is working, it will transmit the electromagnetic leakage signal containing the video information and receive and process the electromagnetic leakage signal within a certain distance, which can reproduce the screen information and form the electromagnetic leakage restoration sequence image. Due to the noise in the receiving process and the fluctuation of the video line and field signal, the image of the electromagnetic leakage restoration sequence will be blurred and will drift between frames. The multi-frame cumulative averaging method can theoretically improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed image, but the offset of the reconstructed image sequence caused by the electromagnetic leakage will bring adverse effects. Firstly, this paper analyzes the noise of electromagnetic leakage emission and restoration sequence images and the method of multi-frame cumulative averaging, as well as the cumulative averaging effect of multi-frame sequence images under the influence of image offset. Secondly, on the basis of theoretical analysis, an algorithm of image migration feature retrieval for electromagnetic leakage restoration sequence is proposed and validated, which achieves more accurate inter-frame matching, automatic offset calculation, and multi-frame sequence image accumulation and enhances the recognition of the electromagnetic leakage restoration image. Lastly, different algorithms are compared, and their effects are evaluated as well.

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Investigating the electromagnetic side channel leakage from a Raspberry Pi

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Systematic Literature Review of EM-SCA Attacks on Encryption

Systematic Literature Review of EM-SCA Attacks on Encryption

Developing an Electromagnetic Noise Generator to Protect a Raspberry PI from Side Channel Analysis

Research on the algorithm of electromagnetic leakage reduction and sequence of image migration feature retrieval

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