“…It has been estimated that 60%–70% of the general population experiences at least one sign or symptom of TMD in their life time; however, only 5% of individuals show severe TMD that requires treatment (Poveda Roda et al, 2007 ). Recent studies showed that psychosocial factors such as stress, anxiety, alexithymia, and catastrophizing could affect the onset of TMD and its response to treatment (De la Torre Canales et al, 2020 ; Rollman & Gillespie, 2000 ; Sadrzadeh‐Afshar et al, 2023 ; Shahnavazi et al, 2021 ). Different malocclusions have also been a controversial risk factor for TMD (Manfredini et al, 2017 ; Salari et al, 2024 ).…”