Investigating the Effect of Heat Treatment on the Cold Forging of 27mnb4 Steel via Calphad Methodology and Fem

Abstract

As a material forming method, cold forging is preferred due to the reasons like absence of a heating step and high surface quality. Recently, the finite element method (FEM) has received growing attention for controlling and predicting final material properties for cold forging applications. FEM combines microstructure evolution models with failure criteria, thus providing solutions to complicated problems in the modern cold forging industry. The fastener industry extensively utilizes cold forging, in which manganese and boron-containing steels like 27MnB4 can be formed to obtain high mechanical properties. The current study investigates the effect of two different heat treatments, namely softening and spheroidizing annealing, on the formability of 27MnB4 bolts. Softwares such as Thermo-Calc 2022a and Forge NxT 3.2 were used to predict the microstructure of the wire rod and evaluate the cold forming process of the same rod under two different heat treatment conditions. Therefore, the current study also provides a relationship between microstructural features and the cold formability of 27MnB4 steel. The microstructure of 27MnB4 is predicted by CCT diagrams. The predicted microstructure corresponds to the microstructure of 27MnB4 samples taken from the production line. In addition, temperature, von Mises stress, and equivalent strain distributions for 27MnB4 steel in the hot rolled state were calculated higher than in annealed states due to the differences in the microstructure. These results demonstrate that computational material engineering methods and simulation techniques could be practical tools for cold forming processes.

Ultrasonik atomizasyon: toz üretiminde alternatif bir yol

“…Bu nedenle, ilgili parametrelerin optimizasyonunun doğru yapılmaması istenmeyen boyutta ve özelliklerde toz oluşumuna sebep olacaktır [43,44]. Alaşımların kimyasal kompozisyonlarındaki değişime bağlı olarak ayrıca hesaplanması gereken bu malzeme özellikleri, Hesaplamalı Malzeme Mühendisliği (HMM) yardımıyla sayısal modelleme ortamında güvenilir termodinamik veriler ile hesaplanabilmektedir [45][46][47][48]. HMM ile alaşım ve kimyasal kompozisyon oranına göre güvenilir olarak hesaplanan yüzey gerilimi ve viskozite değeri, ultrasonik tablada oluşturulacak dalga frekansının doğrudan belirlenmesi ve buna bağlı tozların nihai özelliklerinin öngörülerek prosesin istenilen doğrultuda gerçekleştirilip sonuçlanmasına olanak sağlamaktadır [49].…”