Investigating the Difference in Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in Bainitic and Martensitic High-Carbon Bearing Steels using in situ Neutron Diffraction and Crystal Plasticity Modeling

Voothaluru, Rohit; Bedekar, Vikram; Yu, Dunji; Xie, Qingge; An, Ke; Pauskar, Praveen; Hyde, R. Scott

doi:10.3390/met9050482

Cited by 8 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…Equation (7) is the critical stress model that was originally developed by Haidemenopoulos et al [10]. Equation (7) has four fixed parameters (γ s , ρ, f , and E Str ) and six free parameters…”

Section: Derivation Of the Critical Stress Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The modifications made to adapt Equation (7) for calculating the σ C of high-carbon quench-and-tempered steels are presented in this section.…”

Section: Modified Critical Stress Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equation (11) has four fixed parameters (γ s , ρ, f , and E Str ) and four free parameters ( ∂ G ∂σ AW , α AW , V 0 γ , and G AW Chem ). Note that the number of free parameters in Equation (7) has been reduced from six to four in Equation ( 11) by replacing (N 0 v ) GH and V GH p with V 0 γ and removing W GH F . This shows that the modified model requires fewer free parameters to calculate the critical stress of martensite transformation in high-carbon quench-and-tempered steels.…”

Section: Parametermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling deformation-induced martensite transformation in high-carbon steels

Wong

Bedekar

Voothaluru

et al. 2023

Materials Science and Technology

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The transformation behaviour of retained austenite in steels is known to differ according to chemical composition and other microstructural attributes. Earlier research indicated that austenite in high-carbon steels transforms into martensite only when the applied stress exceeds a critical value, contrary to low-carbon steels where transformation occurs in the early stages of deformation. Although transformation models have been proposed, most are optimised for low-carbon steels. Here, we propose physics-based models applied to high-carbon steels to overcome previous limitations. The models have fewer free parameters (4) compared to previous approaches (6), exhibiting improvements in the numerical and physical interpretation of the austenite transformation process. We envision the use of these models as tools for alloy design, also highlighting their scientific and technological value.

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Section: Derivation Of the Critical Stress Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The modifications made to adapt Equation (7) for calculating the σ C of high-carbon quench-and-tempered steels are presented in this section.…”

Section: Modified Critical Stress Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parametermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling deformation-induced martensite transformation in high-carbon steels

Wong

Bedekar

Voothaluru

et al. 2023

Materials Science and Technology

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“…Cyclic stress loads were simulated on 150 instantiations in ABAQUS using simple C3D8R elements using discretized representative volume element (RVE) methods [34,35]. Based on the microstructure observation in Section 2.1, 150 RVEs were generated to simulate the constitutive relationship at the weakest region.…”

Section: Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Methodology for Incorporating the Effect of Grain Size on the Energy Efficiency Coefficient for Fatigue Crack Initiation Estimation in Polycrystalline Metal

Voothaluru

Liu

2020

Metals

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Estimating fatigue crack initiation of applied loading is challenging due to the large number of individual entities within a microstructure that could affect the accumulation of dislocations. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of fatigue crack initiation models, it is essential to accurately compute the energy dissipated into the microstructure per fatigue loading cycle. The extent of the energy dissipated within the microstructure as a fraction of the overall energy imparted by loading has previously been defined as the ‘energy efficiency coefficient’. This work studied the energy efficiency coefficient as a factor in the measurement of accumulated plastic strain energy stored at the crack initiation site during cyclic loading. In particular, the crystal plasticity constitutive formulation was known as ’length scale independent’ previously. As a result, a semi-empirical approach was presented whereby the potential effect of grain size can be accounted for without the use of a strain gradient plasticity approach. The randomized representative volume elements were created based on the experimental analysis of grain size distribution. The work was aimed at capturing some of the effects of grain size and utilizing them to complete a semi-empirical estimation of crack initiation in polycrystalline materials. The computational methodology ensured the representative of microstructural properties, including the elastic constant and critical resolved shear stress via appreciable fit achieved with the empirical tensile test results. Crystal plasticity finite element modeling was incorporated into a finite element code to estimate the potential for crack initiation. The energy efficiency coefficient was computed for a class of material with grain size to C11000 electrolytic tough pitch (ETP) copper. This methodology can improve fatigue crack initiation life estimation and advance the fundamental study of energy efficiency coefficient during fatigue crack initiation.

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“…Dikic et al [8] found that as an effective nucleation matrix, V nitride particles could increase the nucleation rate of bainite in a medium-carbon steel. The amount and morphology of retained austenite are of great importance in the application of rolling bearings [9], especially in improving plasticity and toughness. Zhang's research group developed a process that can prepare nano-bainite on the surface and low-carbon martensite with good plasticity and toughness in the core of carburized bearing steel [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Austempering on Mechanical Properties of Nb/V Microalloyed Bainitic Bearing Steel

et al. 2022

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In this study, a multi-element microalloyed GCr15Si1MoNbV bainitic bearing steel was designed by adding trace amounts of Nb and V. The bainite/martensite/retained austenite/undissolved carbide multiphase bearing steel with a short heat-treated cycle and remarkable comprehensive mechanical properties was prepared via low-temperature austempering, which was compared with a traditional quenched and tempered martensitic microstructure. The results showed that the comprehensive mechanical properties of the low-temperature bainitic microstructure of the Nb/V microalloyed bearing steel were better than those of a traditional tempered martensitic microstructure. In addition, as the isothermal temperature increased, the impact toughness of experimental steel was significantly improved, and the hardness decreased slightly. The tensile strength was improved with the increase in isothermal time. As the isothermal temperature increased, the bainite content of the experimental steel rose, and the stability of the retained austenite enhanced due to more carbon atoms being partitioned into it. The research work in this paper made a preliminary exploration for the application of Nb/V microalloyed bainitic bearing steel in the bearing field and provided some basic data for reference.

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Investigating the Difference in Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in Bainitic and Martensitic High-Carbon Bearing Steels using in situ Neutron Diffraction and Crystal Plasticity Modeling

Cited by 8 publications

References 40 publications

Modelling deformation-induced martensite transformation in high-carbon steels

Modelling deformation-induced martensite transformation in high-carbon steels

A Methodology for Incorporating the Effect of Grain Size on the Energy Efficiency Coefficient for Fatigue Crack Initiation Estimation in Polycrystalline Metal

Effect of Austempering on Mechanical Properties of Nb/V Microalloyed Bainitic Bearing Steel

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