Investigating the contribution of shipping emissions to atmospheric PM 2.5 using a combined source apportionment approach

Lang, Jianlei; Zhou, Ying; Xing, Xiaofan; Lin, Wei; Wang, Xiao-Tong; Zhao, Na; Zhang, Yanyun; Guo, Xulin; Han, Lihui; Cheng, Shuiyuan

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.087

Cited by 53 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The average PM 2.5 concentrations at both sites exhibited clear seasonal variations with the lowest values in summer (June-September) and the highest values in winter (December-February) and spring (March-May) (Table 1). This behavior is similar to previous studies in port cities such as Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Qinhuangdao in China (Yau et al, 2013;Zhao et al, 2013;Wu et al, 2015;Lang et al, 2017;Tao et al, 2017) and is largely due to the regional meteorology of the Asian Monsoon. Mean 72-h backward trajectory clusters in four seasons showed that the air masses originating from the YRD city cluster could carry the coastal urban air pollutants to the sampling sites and result in high PM 2.5 concentrations, while the air masses originating from the South China Sea and Taiwan Strait might dilute the air pollutants to a great extent (Fig.…”

Section: Seasonal Variation Of Pm 25supporting

confidence: 91%

“…These annual average values of PM 2.5 at the two sites were around 60% higher than the PM 2.5 standard (35 µg m -3 ) of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of China (Grade I, GB3095-2012). PM 2.5 concentrations observed at the urban site were slightly higher than previously reported at the same site in Xiamen in 2011-2013 (51.5 ± 20.4 µg m -3 ; Wu et al, 2015) and urban Guangzhou (48 ± 22 µg m -3 ; Tao et al, 2017), lower than those in Shanghai (62.6 µg m -3 ; Zhao et al, 2013) and Qinhuangdao (70.1 µg m -3 ; Lang et al, 2017), China, and the port area in Thessaloniki, Greece (66 µg m -3 ; Tolis et al, 2015), but much higher than those in some coastal harbor sites, such as Hong Kong, China (30.5 µg m -3 ; Yai et al, 2013); Marseille, France (35.5 µg m -3 during pollution episodes; Salameh et al, 2018); Busan, Korea (26.1 ± 15.3 µg m -3 ; Jeong et al, 2017); Brindisi, Italy (15.1 ± 5.4 µg m -3 ; Cesari et al, 2016); Rotterdam, Netherlands (19.5 µg m -3 ; Mooibroek et al, 2011); Bay of Algeciras, Spain (21.8-24.2 µg m -3 ; Pandolfi et al, 2011); and Los Angeles (7.0 µg m -3 ) and Seattle (10.6 µg m -3 ), United States (Kim et al, 2008;Minguillon et al, 2008).…”

Section: Seasonal Variation Of Pm 25contrasting

confidence: 56%

“…In Busan, Korea, PMF results indicated that on average, 7% of PM 2.5 was attributed to ships in 2013 (Jeong et al, 2017). In China, assessment studies on the role of shipping emissions are so far based on inventories and air quality model analyses (Fan et al, 2016;Chen et al, 2017;Lang et al, 2017Liu et al, 2018;Chen et al, 2019), as well as receptor models and tracer marker methods (Zhao et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2014;Tao et al, 2017;Mamoudou et al, 2018). However, the uncertainties in ship and other anthropogenic emissions might seriously affect the accuracy of the research results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Source Apportionment of PM2.5 at Urban and Suburban Sites in a Port City of Southeastern China

Dai

et al. 2019

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Shipping emissions potentially contribute to the degradation of air quality in port cities. In this study, PM 2.5 samples were collected from two sites at different distances from the shipping channel of Xiamen Port in southeastern China between November 2015 and May 2018 and analyzed for their chemical compositions, which included water-soluble ions, carbonaceous species, and elements. The average annual PM 2.5 mass concentrations were 55.8 ± 22.7 µg m -3 and 56.5 ± 24.5 µg m -3 at the urban and suburban sites, respectively, with the lowest values in summer and the highest in winter/spring. Significantly higher values for vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni) were found at the urban site due to the shorter distance between this location and the shipping channel. Using a PMF model, six source factors were identified: sulfate and shipping emissions (16.6-20.9%), secondary nitrate and chloride (14.7-17.3%), fugitive dust (16.9-23.0%), industrial emissions (5.5-7.0%), primary organic aerosol (14.1-14.8%), and traffic emissions and biomass burning (23.8-24.6%). Potential source contribution function analysis indicated that air masses from the South China Sea contributed significantly to the shipping emissions. The PMF-based method did not distinguish primary shipping emissions from secondary sulfate. When a V-based method was used, the primary PM 2.5 from shipping emissions plus its associated secondary sulfate was shown to contribute 5.5-8.9% of the ambient PM 2.5 on average. The results from the V-based method exhibited strong positive correlations with those of the PMF-based method. Considering the potential negative effect on air quality and the expanding international maritime trade in the long term, our research indicates that policies and regulations for controlling shipping emissions are necessary in all major port cities, including those outside the domestic emission control areas of China.

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Section: Seasonal Variation Of Pm 25supporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Seasonal Variation Of Pm 25contrasting

confidence: 56%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Source Apportionment of PM2.5 at Urban and Suburban Sites in a Port City of Southeastern China

Dai

et al. 2019

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…As previously described [30], chemical components were calculated based on inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The cations and the anions contained in PM2.5 were estimated based on ion chromatography.…”

Section: Source Apportionmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triptolide ameliorates fine particulate matter-induced podocytes injury via regulating NF-κB signaling pathway

Wan

Liu

Yang

et al. 2020

BMC Mol and Cell Biol

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Background: PM2.5 is associated closely with an increased risk of membranous nephropathy (MN), however, whether PM2.5 could induce podocytes injury, the underlying pathology for MN, has not be thoroughly studied. Triptolide, an active component in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, is frequently used to treat MN in China, but its effects on PM2.5-induced podocytes injury is still largely unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of PM2.5 on podocytes, and explored whether triptolide could improve PM2.5-induced podocytes injury and the possible underlying mechanisms. Results: Podocytes were incubated with PM2.5 after being pre-treated with triptolide, viability, apoptosis rate and migratory capacity of podocytes were determined by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry and Transwell assay, respectively. Additionally, the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in podocytes, the cytoskeleton of podocytes, the protein expressions of nephrin, podocin, Bcl-2, Bax, nuclear factor kappa-B/p65 (NF-κB/p65) and phospho-inhibitor of NF-κB (p-IκBα) were measured. Our data showed that PM2.5 treatment significantly increased the disorganization of F-actin stress fibers, the damaged structural integrity of nucleus, the deranged and dissociated cytoskeleton in podocytes, increased the podocytes apoptosis rate, the levels of MDA and LDH, markedly up-regulated the protein expression of Bax, NF-κB/p65 and p-IκBα, downregulated the protein expression of nephrin, podocin and Bcl-2, and significantly decreased the level of SOD, the migration rate and the viability of podocytes, compared with those of the untreated podocytes. These effects of PM2.5 on podocytes, however, were reversed by triptolide administration. Conclusion: These results suggest that triptolide could prevent against PM2.5-induced podocytes injury via suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway.

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“…In China, although high concentrations of reactive air pollutants probably cause higher secondary PM (e.g. sulfate, nitrate) concentrations from shipping emissions, their relative contributions are lower due to larger emissions of land-based sources (Lang et al, 2017). However, the studies in China only focus on the impacts of shipping emissions over a small scale, typically located in Bohai-Rim area, YRD (Yangtze River Delta) 25 and PRD (Pearl River Delta) regions including several ports and limited surrounding areas, which are not available to comprehensively determine the characteristics of PM2.5 pollution caused by shipping emissions in the entire eastern coastal areas of China (Fan et al, 2016;Chen et al, 2017;Tao et al, 2017; Atmos.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of shipping emissions on PM2.5 air pollution in China

Lv¹,

Liu²,

Ying³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. With the fast development of seaborne trade and relatively more efforts on reducing emissions from other sources in China, shipping emissions contribute more and more significantly to air pollution. In this study, based on a shipping emission inventory with high spatial and temporal resolution within 200 nautical miles (Nm) to the Chinese coastline, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was applied to quantify the impacts of the shipping sector on the annual and seasonal concentrations of PM2.5 for the base year 2015 in China. Emissions within 12&#8201;Nm accounted for 51.2&#8201;%&#8211;56.5&#8201;% of the total shipping emissions, and the distinct seasonal variations in spatial distribution were observed. The modeling results showed that shipping emissions increased the annual averaged PM2.5 concentrations in eastern China up to 5.2&#8201;&#956;g/m3, and the impacts in YRD (Yangtze River Delta) and PRD (Pearl River Delta) were much greater than those in BTH (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei). Shipping emissions influenced the air quality in not only coastal areas but also the inland areas hundreds of kilometers (up to 960&#8201;km) away from the sea. The impacts on the PM2.5 showed obvious seasonal variability, and patterns in the north and south of the Yangtze river were also quite different. In addition, since the onshore wind can carry ship pollutants to inland areas, the daily contributions of shipping emissions in onshore flow days were about 1.8&#8211;2.7 times higher than that in rest of days. A source-oriented CMAQ was used to estimate the contributions of shipping emissions from maritime areas within 0&#8211;12&#8201;Nm, 12&#8211;50&#8201;Nm, 50&#8211;100&#8201;Nm and 100&#8211;200&#8201;Nm to PM2.5 concentrations. The results indicated that shipping emissions within 12&#8201;Nm were the dominant contributor with contributions 30&#8211;90&#8201;% of the total impacts induced by emissions with 200&#8201;Nm. While a relative high contribution (40&#8211;60&#8201;%) of shipping emissions within 20&#8211;100&#8201;Nm was observed in the north of PRD region and south of Lianyungang, due to the major water traffic lanes far from land.

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Investigating the contribution of shipping emissions to atmospheric PM 2.5 using a combined source apportionment approach

Cited by 53 publications

References 30 publications

Source Apportionment of PM2.5 at Urban and Suburban Sites in a Port City of Southeastern China

Source Apportionment of PM2.5 at Urban and Suburban Sites in a Port City of Southeastern China

Triptolide ameliorates fine particulate matter-induced podocytes injury via regulating NF-κB signaling pathway

Impacts of shipping emissions on PM<sub>2.5</sub> air pollution in China

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Investigating the contribution of shipping emissions to atmospheric PM 2.5 using a combined source apportionment approach

Cited by 53 publications

References 30 publications

Source Apportionment of PM2.5 at Urban and Suburban Sites in a Port City of Southeastern China

Source Apportionment of PM2.5 at Urban and Suburban Sites in a Port City of Southeastern China

Triptolide ameliorates fine particulate matter-induced podocytes injury via regulating NF-κB signaling pathway

Impacts of shipping emissions on PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; air pollution in China

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Impacts of shipping emissions on PM<sub>2.5</sub> air pollution in China