“…It is thus of great significance to understand the oxidation and transformation of Sb and the interaction between microbes and the various forms of Sb under microbial mediation, as these reactions will enhance our understanding of Sb behavior in its biogeochemical cycle and environmental impacts ( He and Chen, 2014 ; Burton et al, 2019 ). These interactions are also fundamental in developing Sb pollution prevention and control ( Fan et al, 2019 ; Guo et al, 2019 ; He et al, 2019 ; Karimian et al, 2019a , b ) and bioremediation technology ( Shtangeeva et al, 2011 ; Long et al, 2019 ; Ma et al, 2019 ; Sun et al, 2019 ; Deng et al, 2020 ). Although the microbial metabolism of Sb has been preliminarily discussed in several studies ( Li et al, 2015 ; Liu et al, 2015 ), Sb(III) resistance mechanisms; Sb(III) oxidation characteristics and mechanisms; and the interaction between Sb-oxidizing bacteria and Sb are still poorly understood, and bioremediation technology for Sb pollution is difficult to apply in practice ( He and Chen, 2014 ; Burton et al, 2019 ).…”