Investigating the AX6 inertial-based wearable for instrumented physical capability assessment of young adults in a low-resource setting

Powell, Dylan; Nouredanesh, Mina; Stuart, Samuel; Godfrey, Alan

doi:10.1016/j.smhl.2021.100220

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The general agreement of the devices was good to excellent, the turning in place for two-minutes task demonstrated the best agreement (ICC range = 0.850–0.990). The similar design, function and turn detection algorithm, stated previously in a study by El-Gohary et al (2013), of the two devices explains these findings [ 23 , 30 ]. The discrepancies that were identified between the devices may be attributed to slight differences in sensor location.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Suitability of a Low-Cost Wearable Sensor to Assess Turning in Healthy Adults

Mason

Byerley

Baker

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Background: Turning is a complex measure of gait that accounts for over 50% of daily steps. Traditionally, turning has been measured in a research grade laboratory setting, however, there is demand for a low-cost and portable solution to measure turning using wearable technology. This study aimed to determine the suitability of a low-cost inertial sensor-based device (AX6, Axivity) to assess turning, by simultaneously capturing and comparing to a turn algorithm output from a previously validated reference inertial sensor-based device (Opal), in healthy young adults. Methodology: Thirty participants (aged 23.9 ± 4.89 years) completed the following turning protocol wearing the AX6 and reference device: a turn course, a two-minute walk (including 180° turns) and turning in place, alternating 360° turn right and left. Both devices were attached at the lumbar spine, one Opal via a belt, and the AX6 via double sided tape attached directly to the skin. Turning measures included number of turns, average turn duration, angle, velocity, and jerk. Results: Agreement between the outcomes from the AX6 and reference device was good to excellent for all turn characteristics (all ICCs > 0.850) during the turning 360° task. There was good agreement for all turn characteristics (all ICCs > 0.800) during the two-minute walk task, except for moderate agreement for turn angle (ICC 0.683). Agreement for turn outcomes was moderate to good during the turns course (ICCs range; 0.580 to 0.870). Conclusions: A low-cost wearable sensor, AX6, can be a suitable and fit-for-purpose device when used with validated algorithms for assessment of turning outcomes, particularly during continuous turning tasks. Future work needs to determine the suitability and validity of turning in aging and clinical cohorts within low-resource settings.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Suitability of a Low-Cost Wearable Sensor to Assess Turning in Healthy Adults

Mason

Byerley

Baker

et al. 2022

Sensors

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“…Here, the device will be configured to a sampling rate of 200Hz, ±16g accelerometer and ±2000˚/s gyroscope. Although it can be worn on any anatomical landmark, due to lack of proprietary analytical software, it will be secured onto the talus joint of each shoe with medical tape, Fig 3 . The AX6 is considered a valid technology which can capture data in controlled and free-living environments [28]. Data are recorded and stored locally on the device and download via OmGUI upon completion of recording.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Wearables for running gait analysis: A study protocol

Mason,

Godfrey,

Barry

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Quantitative running gait analysis is an important tool that provides beneficial outcomes to injury risk/recovery or performance assessment. Wearable devices have allowed running gait to be evaluated in any environment (i.e., laboratory or real-world settings), yet there are a plethora of different grades of devices (i.e., research-grade, commercial, or novel multi-modal) available with little information to make informed decisions on selection. This paper outlines a protocol that will examine different grades of wearables for running gait analysis in healthy individuals. Specifically, this pilot study will: 1) examine analytical validity and reliability of wearables (research-grade, commercial, high-end multimodal) within a controlled laboratory setting; 2) examine analytical validation of different grades of wearables in a real-world setting, and 3) explore clinical validation and usability of wearables for running gait analysis (e.g., injury history (previously injured, never injured), performance level (novice, elite) and relationship to meaningful outcomes). The different grades of wearable include: (1) A research-grade device, the Ax6 consists of a configurable tri-axial accelerometer and tri-axial gyroscope with variable sampling capabilities; (2) attainable (low-grade) commercial with proprietary software, the DorsaVi ViMove2 consisting of two, non-configurable IMUs modules, with a fixed sampling rate and (3) novel multimodal high-end system, the DANU Sports System that is a pair of textile socks, that contain silicone based capacitive pressure sensors, and configurable IMU modules with variable sampling rates. Clinical trial registration: Trial registration: NCT05277181.

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“…While conventional gait labs are widely used in gait research, they are highly controlled settings and may be non-representative of an individual’s daily, functional gait [ 20 ]. Axivity sensors are an example of IMU sensors that have been used in gait research surrounding physical function and disease state [ 21 ], but also possess PA assessment capability given their potential for high-frequency data collections with enhanced data storage and battery life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of physical activity levels from shank-placed Axivity AX6 accelerometers in older adults

Gafoor,

Ruder,

Kobsar

2024

PLoS ONE

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This cross-sectional study aimed to identify and validate cut-points for measuring physical activity using Axivity AX6 accelerometers positioned at the shank in older adults. Free-living physical activity was assessed in 35 adults aged 55 and older, where each participant wore a shank-mounted Axivity and a waist-mounted ActiGraph simultaneously for 72 hours. Optimized cut-points for each participant’s Axivity data were determined using an optimization algorithm to align with ActiGraph results. To assess the validity between the physical activity assessments from the optimized Axivity cut-points, a leave-one-out cross-validation was conducted. Bland-Altman plots with 95% limits of agreement, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and mean differences were used for comparing the systems. The results indicated good agreement between the two accelerometers when classifying sedentary behaviour (ICC = 0.85) and light physical activity (ICC = 0.80), and moderate agreement when classifying moderate physical activity (ICC = 0.67) and vigorous physical activity (ICC = 0.70). Upon removal of a significant outlier, the agreement was slightly improved for sedentary behaviour (ICC = 0.86) and light physical activity (ICC = 0.82), but substantially improved for moderate physical activity (ICC = 0.81) and vigorous physical activity (ICC = 0.96). Overall, the study successfully demonstrated the capability of the resultant cut-point model to accurately classify physical activity using Axivity AX6 sensors placed at the shank.

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Investigating the AX6 inertial-based wearable for instrumented physical capability assessment of young adults in a low-resource setting

Cited by 5 publications

References 42 publications

Suitability of a Low-Cost Wearable Sensor to Assess Turning in Healthy Adults

Suitability of a Low-Cost Wearable Sensor to Assess Turning in Healthy Adults

Wearables for running gait analysis: A study protocol

Validation of physical activity levels from shank-placed Axivity AX6 accelerometers in older adults

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