Investigating Susceptibility to Diabetes Using Features of the Adipose Tissue in Response toIn UteroPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure

Abstract

BackgroundIn recent times, there has been an increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) particularly in children. Adipocyte dysfunction provide a critical link between obesity and insulin resistance resulting in diabetes outcome. Further, environmental chemical exposure during early years of life might be a significant contributing factor to the increase in the incidence of T2DM. This study tests the idea that exposure to environmental contaminants (2-aminoanthracene [2AA]) in utero will show effects in the adipose tissue (AT) that signify T2DM vulnerability. 2AA is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in a variety of products.MethodsTo accomplish the study objective, pregnant dams were fed various amounts of 2AA adulterated diets from gestation through postnatal period. The neonates and older offspring were analyzed for diabetic-like genes in the ATs and analysis of serum glucose. Furthermore, weight monitoring, histopathology and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD68 in AT, adipocyte size determination and adiponectin amounts in serum were undertaken.ResultsUp-regulation of adiponectin and interleukin-6 genes were noted in the pups and older rats. Combination of intrauterine 2AA toxicity with moderate high fat diet exhibited gene expression patterns similar to those of the neonates. Elevated serum glucose levels were noted in treated groups. IHC of the AT indicated no significant malformations; however, CD68+ cells were greater in the animals treated to 2AA. Similarly, mean sizes of the adipocytes were larger in treated and combined 2AA and moderate high fat animals. Adiponectin was reduced in 2AA groups.ConclusionFrom the preceding, it appears intrauterine 2AA disturbance, when combined with excess fat accumulation will lead to greater risk for the diabetic condition.

The hepatic effects in dams that ingested 2-aminoanthracene during gestation and lactation

“…The methods employed for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for CD68 have been previously published (Gato et al, 2016).…”

“…Based on recent studies, interference in the intrauterine environment may increase the susceptibility to T2DM. That is, environmental exposures in one's childhood may increase the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood (Gato et al, 2016). Previous studies in Sprague Dawley rats from ingestion of 2AA resulted in damage to the immune system and symptoms that mimic the characteristics of diabetes (Wilson et al, 2018).…”

Letter: Investigating Susceptibility to Diabetes Using Features of the Adipose Tissue in Response toIn UteroPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure (Diabetes Metab J2016;40:494-508)

“…In this article, Gato et al [7] reported the influence of 2AA exposure to the fetus, with special focus on the changes of adipose tissue. They analyzed pups and pregnant dams from control to high dose of 2AA exposure (0 to 100 mg/kg) in regular diet group and in moderate to high fat diet group.…”

“…Even if 2AA had influences on insulin resistance and glucose metabolism, the results of exposure of 2AA in pregnant animals and direct effects on fetus are rare and interesting. We have several questions for your work [7]. …”

Response: Investigating Susceptibility to Diabetes Using Features of the Adipose Tissue in Response toIn UteroPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure (Diabetes Metab J2016;40:494-508)

“…We appreciate your interest and comments on our article entitled “Investigating susceptibility to diabetes using features of the adipose tissue in response to in utero polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure” that was published in Diabetes & Metabolism Journal [1]. …”