Investigating supermodes in coupled dual-element photonic crystal VCSEL arrays: a comparative analysis under strong and weak anti-guiding conditions

Abstract

We report on the mode evolution of coupled dual-element laser arrays biased in the coherently coupled region, exploring both theoretical and experimental aspects. Utilizing a complex waveguide simulation, we identify two supermodes operating within the coherently coupled region. The formation of the supermodes leads to enhanced output power, visibility, and a photon-photon resonance frequency surpassing the carrier-photon resonance frequency. Such favorable attributes are facilitated by the formation of anti-guided cavities through current injection. Finally, we conduct a comparative analysis of mode characteristics under strong and weakly anti-guiding conditions to identify the impact on the supermode characteristics.