Investigating source water Cryptosporidium concentration, species and infectivity rates during rainfall-runoff in a multi-use catchment

Swaffer, Brooke A.; Vial, Hayley; King, Brendon; Daly, Robert; Frizenschaf, Jacqueline; Monis, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.055

Cited by 39 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In Australia was reported a positive and significant correlation between turbidity and the flow of water in samples positive for Cryptosporidium spp. collected in a river of multiple use [88]. In Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, was identified a high concentration of oocysts in drinking-water sources that were characterized by unprotected basins with intensive human settlement and agricultural activities; those authors inferred the influence of rainfall on the presence of these protozoa (not statistically significant) [89].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in feces and water and the associated exposure factors on dairy farms

et al. 2017

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The aims of this study were to verify the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in animal feces and drinking water on dairy farms and to identify a possible relation between the exposure factors and the presence of these parasites. Fecal samples from cattle and humans and water samples were collected on dairy farms in Paraná, Brazil. Analysis of (oo)cysts in the feces was performed by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and centrifugal flotation in zinc sulfate. Test-positive samples were subjected to nested PCR amplification of the 18SSU ribosomal RNA gene for identification of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and of the gp60 gene for subtyping of Cryptosporidium. Microbiological analysis of water was carried out by the multiple-tube method and by means of a chromogenic substrate, and parasitological analysis was performed on 31 samples by direct immunofluorescence and nested PCR of the genes mentioned above. Identification of the species of Cryptosporidium was performed by sequencing and PCR with analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium was higher in calves than in adults. Among the samples of cattle feces, Cryptosporidium parvum was identified in 41 (64%), C. ryanae in eight (12.5%), C. bovis in four (6.3%), C. andersoni in five (7.8%), and a mixed infection in 20 samples (31.3%). These parasites were not identified in the samples of human feces. Thermotolerant coliform bacteria were identified in 25 samples of water (45.5%). Giardia duodenalis and C. parvum were identified in three water samples. The gp60 gene analysis of C. parvum isolates revealed the presence of two strains (IIaA20G1R1 and IIaA17G2R2) in the fecal samples and one (IIaA17G2R1) in the water samples. The presence of coliforms was associated with the water source, structure and degradation of springs, rain, and turbidity. The prevalence of protozoa was higher in calves up to six months of age. C. parvum and G. duodenalis were identified in the water of dairy farms, as were thermotolerant coliforms; these findings point to the need for guidance on handling of animals, preservation of water sources, and water treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in feces and water and the associated exposure factors on dairy farms

et al. 2017

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“…For example, a recent study has shown that the infectivity fraction of oocysts within source water samples in South Australian catchments was low (~3.1%) [85]. While it would be expected that oocysts in faecal samples would have much higher infectivity than oocysts in source water, reports suggest that only 50% of oocysts in fresh faeces are infectious, and that temperature and desiccation can rapidly inactivate oocysts in faeces while solar inactivation, predation and temperature will all impact oocyst survival in water [86].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species in Animals Inhabiting Sydney Water Catchments

et al. 2016

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Cryptosporidium is one of the most common zoonotic waterborne parasitic diseases worldwide and represents a major public health concern of water utilities in developed nations. As animals in catchments can shed human-infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts, determining the potential role of animals in dissemination of zoonotic Cryptosporidium to drinking water sources is crucial. In the present study, a total of 952 animal faecal samples from four dominant species (kangaroos, rabbits, cattle and sheep) inhabiting Sydney’s drinking water catchments were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium using a quantitative PCR (qPCR) and positives sequenced at multiple loci. Cryptosporidium species were detected in 3.6% (21/576) of kangaroos, 7.0% (10/142) of cattle, 2.3% (3/128) of sheep and 13.2% (14/106) of rabbit samples screened. Sequence analysis of a region of the 18S rRNA locus identified C. macropodum and C. hominis in 4 and 17 isolates from kangaroos respectively, C. hominis and C. parvum in 6 and 4 isolates respectively each from cattle, C. ubiquitum in 3 isolates from sheep and C. cuniculus in 14 isolates from rabbits. All the Cryptosporidium species identified were zoonotic species with the exception of C. macropodum. Subtyping using the 5’ half of gp60 identified C. hominis IbA10G2 (n = 12) and IdA15G1 (n = 2) in kangaroo faecal samples; C. hominis IbA10G2 (n = 4) and C. parvum IIaA18G3R1 (n = 4) in cattle faecal samples, C. ubiquitum subtype XIIa (n = 1) in sheep and C. cuniculus VbA23 (n = 9) in rabbits. Additional analysis of a subset of samples using primers targeting conserved regions of the MIC1 gene and the 3’ end of gp60 suggests that the C. hominis detected in these animals represent substantial variants that failed to amplify as expected. The significance of this finding requires further investigation but might be reflective of the ability of this C. hominis variant to infect animals. The finding of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in these animals may have important implications for the management of drinking water catchments to minimize risk to public health.

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“…For example, a recent study has shown that the infectivity fraction of oocysts within source water samples in South Australian catchments was low (∼3.1%), which provided a much more accurate water quality risk assessment (Swaffer et al., 2014). This low infectivity fraction is consistent with source water infectivity reported by Di Giovanni et al.…”

Section: Perspectives For the Water Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management

Zahedi

Paparini

Jian

et al. 2016

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

149

144

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Cryptosporidium is an enteric parasite that is transmitted via the faecal–oral route, water and food. Humans, wildlife and domestic livestock all potentially contribute Cryptosporidium to surface waters. Human encroachment into natural ecosystems has led to an increase in interactions between humans, domestic animals and wildlife populations. Increasing numbers of zoonotic diseases and spill over/back of zoonotic pathogens is a consequence of this anthropogenic disturbance. Drinking water catchments and water reservoir areas have been at the front line of this conflict as they can be easily contaminated by zoonotic waterborne pathogens. Therefore, the epidemiology of zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium in free-ranging and captive wildlife is of increasing importance. This review focuses on zoonotic Cryptosporidium species reported in global wildlife populations to date, and highlights their significance for public health and the water industry.

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Investigating source water Cryptosporidium concentration, species and infectivity rates during rainfall-runoff in a multi-use catchment

Cited by 39 publications

References 52 publications

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in feces and water and the associated exposure factors on dairy farms

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in feces and water and the associated exposure factors on dairy farms

Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species in Animals Inhabiting Sydney Water Catchments

Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management

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