“…Nonetheless, while there appears to be some research in this field (Cuypers et al , 2021; Rindfleisch, 2019; Dahlstorm and Nygaard, 1999), there are significant gaps in the literature that require scholarly attention. First, previous research has primarily concentrated on ex post control mechanisms such as behavior control, activity control and outcome control (Antia et al , 2006; Bello and Gilliland, 1997; Crosno and Brown, 2015; Heide et al , 2007; John, 1994; Shin et al , 2021; Wang et al , 2012; Yi et al , 2019) rather than ex ante control mechanisms such as contract completeness in business-to-business (B2B) relationships. To begin, we propose ex ante control mechanisms for mitigating two types of opportunism.…”