Investigating racing thoughts via ocular temporal windows: deficits in the control of automatic perceptual processes

Abstract

Background Racing thoughts have been found in several states of bipolar disorder (BD), but also in healthy populations with subclinical mood alterations. The evaluation of racing thoughts relies on subjective reports, and objective measures are sparse. The current study aims at finding an objective neuropsychological equivalent of racing thoughts in a mixed group of BD patients and healthy controls by using a bistable perception paradigm. Method Eighty-three included participants formed three groups based on participants' levels of racing thoughts reported via the Racing and Crowded Thoughts Questionnaire. Participants reported reversals in their perception during viewing of the bistable Necker cube either spontaneously, while asked to focus on one interpretation of the cube, or while asked to accelerate perceptual reversals. The dynamics of perceptual alternations were studied both at a conscious level (with manual temporal windows reflecting perceptual reversals) and at a more automatic level (with ocular temporal windows derived from ocular fixations). Results The rate of windows was less modulated by attentional conditions in participants with racing thoughts, and most clearly so for ocular windows. The rate of ocular windows was especially high when participants with racing thoughts were asked to focus on one interpretation of the Necker cube and when they received these instructions for the first time. Conclusions Our results indicate that in subjects with racing thoughts automatic perceptual processes escape cognitive control mechanisms. Racing thoughts may involve not only conscious thought mechanisms but also more automatic processes.

Identifying the bridge between depression and mania: A machine learning and network approach to bipolar disorder

“…Our results converge with these findings by pointing to ‘milder’ indicators of hyperactivity (that is, having ‘racing thoughts’ or being ‘restless’) as being most central to mania/bipolar disorder in the general population. Our findings are further in line with emerging evidence that implicates abnormal cognitive mechanisms to raced thinking and impulsivity, and suggest that such indicators of psychomotor agitation/speed require more attention in regard to the pathogenesis of manic episodes (and bipolar disorder, more broadly) 54,55 …”

“…Our findings are further in line with emerging evidence that implicates abnormal cognitive mechanisms to raced thinking and impulsivity and suggest that such indicators of psychomotor agitation/speed require more attention in regard to the pathogenesis of manic episodes (and bipolar disorder, more broadly). 54,55 A second implication of our research concerns the bridge symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explicitly examine symptoms (and the pathways thereof), which bridge depression and mania.…”