Investigating non-specific binding to chemically engineered sensor surfaces using liposomes as models

Abstract

Nanoparticles are ubiquitously used for signal enhancement in (bio)sensors, but their true possible performance is typically hampered by non-specific binding. A better understanding of the nature and the prevention of non-specific binding through surface engineering of the particles and sensor surfaces is needed to intelligently design (bio)sensors and potentially avoid bulk blocking methods. Hence, two types of liposomes were used as model for signal-enhancing nanoparticles. Their surface was engineered to bear negative surface charge. One type was synthesized with additional 6 mol% -COOH groups. Their interaction with four typical chemically modified sensor surfaces was then mechanistically characterized by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. It was shown that the non-specific binding can be described with Langmuir isotherms providing quantitative information of dissociation constants and surface loading with especially high correlation coefficients (>0.97) for all the studied sensor surfaces modified with hydrophilic alkane thiols. By tailoring the sensor surface chemistry, non-specific binding was significantly minimized. Here, carboxyl- or methyl-terminated surfaces performed best. In fact, the pairing of -COOH groups on the sensor surface with -COOH groups on the liposomes almost completely eliminated non-specific binding, resulting in a SPR signal change of only 1 mRIU (refractive index unit) at 100 μM phospholipid concentration. Surprisingly though, -OH groups on the surface, which are also commonly used in sensing applications, did not lead to decreased adsorption, but caused significant signal changes (4 mRIU at 100 μM phospholipid) due to non-specific binding. Overall, the mechanistic studies presented here demonstrate that by careful design of the nanoparticle surface and by choosing sensor surfaces with terminal -CH3 or -COOH groups, improved sensing (micro)systems with very low non-specific adsorption can be obtained.

The Impact of Membrane Composition and Co‐Drug Synergistic Effects on Vancomycin Association with Model Membranes from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

“…1] relates to the strength of the adsorption or often relates to cooperative effects. [54] An n < 1 indicates chemically mediated absorption i. e., multiple binding sites with a different affinity (negative cooperativity), n = 1 reverts the expression to Langmuir isotherm, where all binding sites are equal, i. e. non-cooperative equilibrium binding, and n > 1 indicates positive cooperativity. Based on the 'n' values, positive cooperative binding (n > 1) is observed in the case of both DOPC and DOPC : Chol bilayers, although the LF model yields a relatively poor fit (R 2 values of 0.93 and 0.87 respectively, Table 2).…”

How to make nanobiosensors: surface modification and characterisation of nanomaterials for biosensing applications

“…In such reactions, thiol compounds with free -OH groups naturally arrange in between the other thiol compounds covering the entire metal surface to avoid non-specic interactions. 76,77 In Fig. 1, structures of some of the thiol compounds that are used to modify gold nanoparticle surfaces with protein-based and oligonucleotide-based affinity probes were illustrated.…”

Interaction of Miltefosine with Microcavity Supported Lipid Membrane: Biophysical Insights from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

“…In order to provide some quantitative insight into the drug binding to different membrane compositions, versus Miltefosine concentration data (as shown in Figure 3a, filled symbols) fit (solid lines, Figure 3a) iteratively to the empirical Langmuir isotherm model as defined by equation (2). This model applies to non‐specific binding [61, 62]. …”