Investigating methods of normalization for X-ray fluorescence measurements of zinc in nail clippings using the TOPAS Monte Carlo code

Determination of trace element concentrations in organic materials of “intermediate-thickness” via portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

“…Many XRF researchers have investigated thickness corrections to calculate concentrations using characteristic X-ray intensities 40,41,43 . In pXRF analysis, research conducted by Sharma et al suggested that coherent normalization using the Monte Carlo code may be a particularly robust normalization procedure in pXRF determination of Zn in nail clippings 49 . Gherase and Fleming and Fleming et al investigated calibration methods to quantify elemental concentrations in nail clippings 46,47 .…”

“…40,41,43 In pXRF analysis, research conducted by Sharma et al suggested that coherent normalization using the Monte Carlo code may be a particularly robust normalization procedure in pXRF determination of Zn in nail clippings. 49 Gherase and Fleming and Fleming et al investigated calibration methods to quantify elemental concentrations in nail clippings. 46,47 Given the existence of built-in algorithms in pXRF analyzers allowing a direct output of compositional data rather than raw counts of uorescent X-rays, many scientists focus on calibration methods using pXRF determined concentrations as inputs.…”

A Two-Dimensional K-Shell X-ray Fluorescence (2D-KXRF) Model for Soft Tissue Attenuation Corrections of Strontium Measurements in a Cortical Lamb Bone Sample

“…In parallel with FPM developments, Monte Carlo (MC) [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] and Boltzmann transport equation [51][52][53][54][55] methods were developed to model X-ray interactions and electron transport more accurately. A detailed description of the evolution, physical processes, and numerical implementations and algorithms is beyond the scope of this paper.…”