Investigating how perceived risk and availability of marijuana relate to marijuana use among adolescents in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay over time

Schleimer, Julia P.; Rivera‐Aguirre, Ariadne; Castillo‐Carniglia, Álvaro; Laqueur, Hannah; Rudolph, Kara E.; Suárez, Héctor; Ramirez, James; Cadenas, Nora; Somoza, Matías; Brasesco, María Verónica; Martins, Sílvia S.; Cerdá, Magdalena

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.029

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The average unit cost of cannabis in South Africa is about $ 8.5 and comparatively cheaper, making it affordable for adolescents 41 and could therefore influence sustained marijuana use amongst adolescents. Affordability and availability of marijuana have been found to lead to sustained marijuana use in the Americas and Asia, 42 , 43 buttressing our finding.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Theoretical understanding of contextual motivations for sustained adolescent marijuana use in South Africa

Manu

Douglas

Ntsaba

2021

South African Journal of Psychiatry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Although various reasons for adolescent marijuana use have extensively been explored, contextual factors that sustain the practice in settings where the plant is illegally cultivated, especially in South Africa, remain a grey area.Aim: We aimed to explore the contextual factors of sustained adolescent marijuana use in two illicit marijuana-growing settings of the Ingquza Hill Local Municipality of South Africa, based on the differential opportunity theory (DOT) and subcultural theory (SCT).Setting: The study was conducted in two illicit marijuana-growing communities in the Ingquza Hill Local Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.Methods: Exploratory qualitative research, using focus group discussions approach, was conducted amongst 37 participants, four focus groups and in two communities in the Ingquza Hill Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to select the communities and participants, respectively. The data were analysed using a thematic content analysis approach and presented under various themes.Results: Nine themes, grouped under two broad factors, DOT influences (availability and affordability of marijuana, idleness and means of dealing with personal problems) and SCT influences (peer conformity, the pleasure derived from marijuana smoking, manipulation of appetite, health reasons, for higher cognitive function and addiction), emerged from the analysis.Conclusion: As marijuana has been identified to be a gateway drug for the use of other illicit drugs, its sustained usage amongst adolescents poses a health challenge to the user, community and the country’s healthcare system at large. Hence, there is the need to intensify adolescent marijuana use prevention campaigns in illicit marijuana-growing contexts of South Africa, focussing on the differential opportunities and subcultural inclinations that promote the behaviour in those contexts.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Theoretical understanding of contextual motivations for sustained adolescent marijuana use in South Africa

Manu

Douglas

Ntsaba

2021

South African Journal of Psychiatry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A summary of all 23 articles is listed in Table 2 . A majority of the studies (13 articles) were from the United States of America (USA) [ 25 – 27 , 29 – 31 , 34 , 36 – 45 ], three studies were from the Asia region [ 32 , 33 , 38 ], four studies were from Europe [ 24 , 28 , 40 , 44 ], and one study was from Latin America [ 35 ], Africa [ 43 ] and Mediterranean [ 45 ]. The number of sample participants varied widely between the studies, ranging from 70 samples (minimum) to 700,178 samples (maximum), while the qualitative paper utilized a total of 100 interviewees.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study also found significant latent variables that accounted for drug abuse outcomes, which were chronic physical maltreatment (factor loading of 0.858) and chronic psychological maltreatment (factor loading of 0.825), with an r 2 of 73.6 and 68.1%, respectively. Another study shed light on those living in child welfare service (CWS) [ 35 ]. It was observed through longitudinal measurements that proportions of marijuana usage increased from 9 to 18% after 36 months in CWS.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study conducted in three Latin America countries (Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay), it was shown that adolescents with low or no perceived risk of taking marijuana had a higher risk of abuse (OR = 8.22 times, 95% CI 7.56, 10.30) [ 35 ]. This finding is in line with another study that investigated 2002 adolescents and concluded that perceiving the drug as harmless was an independent risk factor that could prospectively predict future marijuana abuse [ 27 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Drug abuse is detrimental, and excessive drug usage is a worldwide problem. Drug usage typically begins during adolescence. Factors for drug abuse include a variety of protective and risk factors. Hence, this systematic review aimed to determine the risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents worldwide. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was adopted for the review which utilized three main journal databases, namely PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science. Tobacco addiction and alcohol abuse were excluded in this review. Retrieved citations were screened, and the data were extracted based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria include the article being full text, published from the year 2016 until 2020 and provided via open access resource or subscribed to by the institution. Quality assessment was done using Mixed Methods Appraisal Tools (MMAT) version 2018 to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Given the heterogeneity of the included studies, a descriptive synthesis of the included studies was undertaken. Results Out of 425 articles identified, 22 quantitative articles and one qualitative article were included in the final review. Both the risk and protective factors obtained were categorized into three main domains: individual, family, and community factors. The individual risk factors identified were traits of high impulsivity; rebelliousness; emotional regulation impairment, low religious, pain catastrophic, homework completeness, total screen time and alexithymia; the experience of maltreatment or a negative upbringing; having psychiatric disorders such as conduct problems and major depressive disorder; previous e-cigarette exposure; behavioral addiction; low-perceived risk; high-perceived drug accessibility; and high-attitude to use synthetic drugs. The familial risk factors were prenatal maternal smoking; poor maternal psychological control; low parental education; negligence; poor supervision; uncontrolled pocket money; and the presence of substance-using family members. One community risk factor reported was having peers who abuse drugs. The protective factors determined were individual traits of optimism; a high level of mindfulness; having social phobia; having strong beliefs against substance abuse; the desire to maintain one’s health; high paternal awareness of drug abuse; school connectedness; structured activity and having strong religious beliefs. Conclusion The outcomes of this review suggest a complex interaction between a multitude of factors influencing adolescent drug abuse. Therefore, successful adolescent drug abuse prevention programs will require extensive work at all levels of domains.

show abstract

“…For example, targeted policies, such as behavior-modifying interventions for adolescents [47,48,49], could make a more efficient use of their resources by acknowledging the increasing rates of onset among female adolescents in their design and implementation (i.e., reframing eligibility criteria, and redesigning screening and demographic-based strategies). Future changes to the regulatory framework in the country will potentially alter patterns of cannabis use and perceptions of harms among the population, and in particular, these changes will put an emphasis on prevention and harm-reduction among adolescents [44,45]. Second, evaluations of the effect of such measures should consider the differences in the rates of onset between subpopulations (age, sex, birth-cohort) in their design and implementation, since the effects will likely differ by these characteristics on the population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Specific Rates of Onset of Cannabis Use in Mexico

López-Méndez

Ospina-Escobar

Iskandar

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Over the previous two decades, the prevalence of cannabis use has risen among the population in Mexico. Aims: To estimate the sex- and age-specific rates of onset of cannabis use over time. Design: Time-to-event flexible parametric models with spline specifications of the hazard function. Stratified analysis by sex, and control for temporal trends by year of data collection or decennial birth-cohort. Setting: Mexico. Participants: Pooled sample of 141,342 respondents aged between 12 and 65 years from five nationally representative cross-sectional surveys, the Mexican National Surveys of Addictions (1998, 2002, 2008, 2012) and the Mexican National Survey on Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco Consumption (2016). Measurements: We estimated age-specific rates of onset of cannabis as the conditional rate of consuming cannabis for the first time at a specific age. Findings: Age-specific rates of onset of cannabis use per 1,000 individuals increased over time for both females and males. Peak rates per 1,000 ranged from 0.935 (95%CI= [0.754,1.140]) in 1998, to 5.390 (95%CI= [4.910,5.960]) in 2016 for females; and from 7.510 (95%CI= [5.516, 10.355]) in 1998, to 26.100 (95%CI= [23.162,30.169]) in 2016 for males. Across decennial birth-cohorts, peak rates of onset of cannabis use per 1,000 individuals for females ranged from 0.342 (95%CI= [0.127,0.898]) for those born in the 1930s, to 14.600 (95%CI= [13.200,16.100]) for those born in the 1990s; and for males, from 4.900 (95%CI= [0.768, 7.947]) for those born in the 1930s, to 38.700 (95%CI= [32.553,66.341]) for those born in the 1990s. Conclusion: Rates of onset of cannabis use for males are higher than for females; however, the change across recent cohorts of the rates of onset has increased at a faster rate among females. Our findings can inform and improve the implementation of policies around cannabis use by identifying subpopulations by age, sex, and birth-cohort that are at the highest risk of initiating cannabis consumption

show abstract

Investigating how perceived risk and availability of marijuana relate to marijuana use among adolescents in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay over time

Cited by 23 publications

References 37 publications

Theoretical understanding of contextual motivations for sustained adolescent marijuana use in South Africa

Theoretical understanding of contextual motivations for sustained adolescent marijuana use in South Africa

Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review

Age-Specific Rates of Onset of Cannabis Use in Mexico

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About