Investigating Helicopter Parenting, Family Environments, and Relational Outcomes for Millennials

Parental involvement in the lives of intercollegiate athletes

“…Involvement can be more communication-focused, where parents talk to their emerging adult and give advice or chat about daily events (Cullaty, 2011;Dorsch et al, 2016a;Fingerman et al, 2012;Lowe & Dotterer, 2017). Another avenue of involvement is action-focused, such as when parents do things for or with their child, such as assisting with academic work or practicing a sport (Cullaty, 2011;Lowe & Dotterer, 2017;Odenweller et al, 2014). Communication-focused and action-focused involvement can be considered different qualities of involvement as they do different things for the emerging adult.…”

“…Development can be compromised through over-involved parents fixing their children's problems for them, intervening in their child's life, or directing their child's behavior (Bradley-Geist and OlsonBuchanan, 2013;Givertz & Segrin, 2014;Odenweller et al, 2014). Other researchers have conceptualized over-involvement as parents providing support multiple times a week (Fingerman et al, 2012) or being in constant communication with their child (Odenweller et al, 2014).…”

“…Development can be compromised through over-involved parents fixing their children's problems for them, intervening in their child's life, or directing their child's behavior (Bradley-Geist and OlsonBuchanan, 2013;Givertz & Segrin, 2014;Odenweller et al, 2014). Other researchers have conceptualized over-involvement as parents providing support multiple times a week (Fingerman et al, 2012) or being in constant communication with their child (Odenweller et al, 2014). Utilizing previous researchers' conceptualizations, we defined over-involvement as parents who are in frequent contact with their child (at least once a day), provide frequent support to their children (at least once a week), give their child advice and direct their behavior, and occasionally step in to solve issues or make decisions for their child.…”

“…Negatives also included lower levels of family satisfaction, life satisfaction, selfefficacy, feelings of autonomy, coping skills, and academic engagement (Bradley-Geist & Olson-Buchanan, 2013;Cullaty, 2011;Givertz & Segrin, 2014;Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012;Schiffrin et al, 2014;Segrin et al, 2013). Researchers have also tied other negative outcomes to over-involved parenting, such as higher levels of interpersonal dependency, neuroticism, depression, narcissism, and entitlement (Givertz & Segrin, 2014;Odenweller et al, 2014;Schiffrin et al, 2014;Segrin et al, 2012;Segrin et al, 2013). Overall, these researchers have suggested that overinvolved parenting hinders children's development (Odenweller et al, 2014;Segrin et al, 2013).…”

“…Overall, most researchers agree that parental involvement is beneficial to their offspring (Dorsch et al, 2016a;Odenweller, Booth-Butterfield, & Weber, 2014). However, this involvement may go too far, which can be termed over-involvement, and may lead to negative outcomes (BradleyGeist & Olson-Buchanan, 2013;Givertz & Segrin, 2014;Schiffrin et al, 2014;Segrin, Woszidlo, Givertz, Bauer, & Murphy, 2012).…”